1. 22 Enlightenment and Revolution, 1550–1789 The Scientific Revolution
QUIT 22
CHAPTER
Enlightenment and
Revolution, 1550–1789
Chapter Overview
Time Line 1
The Scientific Revolution
MAP
SECTION 2
The Enlightenment in Europe
SECTION
SECTION 3
The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
GRAPH 4
American Revolution: The Birth of a Republic
SECTION
Visual Summary

2. 22 Enlightenment and Revolution, 1550–1789
HOME 22
CHAPTER
Enlightenment and
Revolution, 1550–1789
Chapter Overview
In Europe, scientists question old ideas and use reason to make discoveries about the natural world. Philosophers support the use of reason to reform government, religion, and society. Enlightenment ideas are used to create a federal government in the newly created United States.

3. 22 Enlightenment and Revolution, 1550–1789 HOME Time Line 1550 1789
CHAPTER
Enlightenment and
Revolution, 1550–1789
Time Line
1543 Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory.
1628 William Harvey describes heart function.
1690 John Locke defines natural rights.
1762 Catherine the Great rules Russia.
1550
1789
1609 Galileo observes heavens through telescope.
1687 Newton publishes law of gravity.
1748 Montesquieu describes separation of powers.

4. The Scientific Revolution Key Idea 1
HOME 1
The Scientific
Revolution
MAP
Key Idea
The Scientific Revolution begins as scientists replace old ideas with new theories. New approaches to science include using observation and experiments to develop theories. In astronomy, scientists challenge the earth-centered model of the universe.
Overview
Assessment

5. The Scientific Revolution Overview 1 • Scientific Revolution
HOME 1
The Scientific
Revolution
MAP
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Scientific Revolution
• Nicolaus Copernicus
• heliocentric theory
• Johannes Kepler
• Galileo Galilei
• scientific method
• Francis Bacon
• René Descartes
• Isaac Newton
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
In the mid-1500s, scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation.
Scientists’ questioning led to the development of the scientific method still in use today.
Assessment

6. Causes of the Scientific Revolution
HOME 1
The Scientific
Revolution
MAP
Section 1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the events and circumstances that led to the Scientific Revolution.
Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Renaissance discovery of new classical manuscripts leads scholars to question accepted knowledge.
Discoveries of Copernicus and other scientists challenge accepted thinking.
The printing press spreads ideas.
Exploration broadens European horizons.
continued . . .

7. The Scientific Revolution 1 1
HOME 1
The Scientific
Revolution
MAP
Section 1
Assessment
2. “If I have seen farther than others,” said Newton, “it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.” Who were the giants to whom Newton was referring? Could this be said of any scientific accomplishment? Explain.
ANSWER
Possible Response:
Giants were Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. Yes, scientific discoveries give scientists a clearer understanding of how the world works. New discoveries lead to further questions for investigation and more discoveries.
End of Section 1

8. The Enlightenment in Europe Key Idea 2
HOME 2
The Enlightenment
in Europe
Key Idea
Enlightenment philosophers admire scientists’ use of reason to understand the natural world. These philosophers promote the use of reason to understand government, religion, education, and economics. They advocate government reform and social improvement.
Overview
Assessment

9. The Enlightenment in Europe Overview 2 • Enlightenment
HOME 2
The Enlightenment
in Europe
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Enlightenment
• social contract
• John Locke
• natural rights
• philosophe
• Voltaire
• Montesquieu
• separation of powers
• Jean Jacques Rousseau
• Mary Wollstonecraft
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
A revolution in intellectual activity changed Europeans’ view of government and society.
Freedoms and some forms of government in many countries today are a result of Enlightenment thinking.
Assessment

10. The Enlightenment in Europe 2 2
HOME 2
The Enlightenment
in Europe
Section 2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the important ideas of Hobbes, Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Beccaria, and Wollstonecraft.
Thinker
Key Idea
Hobbes
Social contract
Locke
Consent of the governed
Voltaire
Tolerance
Montesquieu
Separation of powers
Rousseau
Government by general will
Beccaria
Abolition of torture
Wollstonecraft
Access to education for women
continued . . .

11. The Enlightenment in Europe 2 2
HOME 2
The Enlightenment
in Europe
Section 2
Assessment
2. For each of the statements below, identify who said it and explain what it means. Then say how each viewpoint reflects Enlightenment ideas.
• “Power should be a check to power.”
• “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
• “Let women share the rights and she will emulate the virtues of men.”
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
“Power”—Montesquieu; each branch of government should limit power of other branches.
“Man”—Rousseau; civilization corrupted the state of nature.
“Let women”—Wollstonecraft; give women equal rights and they will display men’s goodness.
continued . . .

12. The Enlightenment in Europe 2 2
HOME 2
The Enlightenment
in Europe
Section 2
Assessment
3. Compare the views of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau on government. How do their differing ideas reflect their understanding of human behavior? THINK ABOUT
• how each philosopher viewed the “state of nature”
• what each considered the source of a government’s authority
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Hobbes—humans are naturally selfish and wicked; governments keep order.
Locke—humans are naturally able to govern themselves; favored self-government.
Rousseau—people are naturally good; society corrupts them; power comes from the general will.
End of Section 2

13. The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Key Idea 3
HOME 3
The Spread of
Enlightenment Ideas
GRAPH
Key Idea
Enlightenment ideas circulate in pamphlets and formal discussions. The new ideals of order and reason are reflected in the arts and music. European monarchs make limited reforms based on Enlightenment ideas.
Overview
Assessment

14. The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Overview 3 • salon • baroque
HOME 3
The Spread of
Enlightenment Ideas
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• salon
• baroque
• neoclassical
• enlightened despot
• Catherine the Great
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Enlightenment ideas spread through the Western world and profoundly influenced the arts and government.
An “enlightened” problem-solving approach to government and society prevails in modern civilization today.
Assessment

15. Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
HOME 3
The Spread of
Enlightenment Ideas
GRAPH
Section 3
Assessment
1. Give examples for each of the following topics related to the spread of Enlightenment: (a) circulation of ideas; (b) art and literature; and (c) monarchy.
Circulation of Ideas
Art and Literature
Monarchy
Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
Salons, Encyclopedia, books, letters, magazines, pamphlets
Neoclassical art, classical music, novel
Enlightened despots, Frederick the Great, Joseph II, Catherine the Great
continued . . .

16. The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas 3 3
HOME 3
The Spread of
Enlightenment Ideas
GRAPH
Section 3
Assessment
2. What advantages do you think salons had over earlier forms of communication in spreading new ideas?
THINK ABOUT
• who hosted the salons and where they were held
• who was invited to the salons
• church and state influence on publishing and education
ANSWER
Possible Response:
Salons were hosted by wealthy middle-class women, who had an interest in educating themselves; many great artists and thinkers gathered to share ideas; salons were held in private homes, so guests could speak freely without the threat of jail or exile.
End of Section 3

17. American Revolution: The Birth of a Republic Key Idea 4
HOME 4
American Revolution:
The Birth of a Republic
Key Idea
Colonists resist the laws and taxes imposed by the British. Colonial leaders use Enlightenment ideas to justify independence from Britain, and, after winning the Revolution, create a federal government.
Overview
Assessment

18. American Revolution: The Birth of a Republic Overview 4
HOME 4
American Revolution:
The Birth of a Republic
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Declaration of Independence
• Thomas Jefferson
• checks and balances
• federal system
• Bill of Rights
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Enlightenment ideas helped spur the American colonies to create a new nation.
The revolution created a republic, the United States of America, that became a model for many nations of the world.
Assessment

19. American Revolution: The Birth of a Republic 4 4
HOME 4
American Revolution:
The Birth of a Republic
Section 4
Assessment
1. List problems faced by the Americans as colonists and in shaping their republic. Then, explain their actions and decisions to solve those problems.
Problem
Solution
Navigation Acts
Smuggling
Stamp Act
Boycott
Import tax on tea
Boston Tea Party
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Constitutional Convention
Distrust of central government
Federal system
continued . . .

20. American Revolution: The Birth of a Republic 4 4
HOME 4
American Revolution:
The Birth of a Republic
Section 4
Assessment
2. How does the opening statement from the Declaration of Independence reflect enlightened thinking?
ANSWER
Possible Response:
It reflects the supremacy of reason, and shows a belief in human progress. It also includes the ideas that humans have natural rights, and that a government gets its power from the consent of the governed.
End of Section 4