Genetic Engineering, Stem Cells, and Cloning

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Presentation transcript:

Genetic Engineering, Stem Cells, and Cloning

Genetic Engineering Involves changing an organism’s DNA to give it new traits. Uses recombinant DNA. http://www.iptv.org/exploremore/ge/what/insulin.cfm#1

Recombinant DNA Foreign DNA is inserted Enzymes are used to (bacterial DNA) Foreign DNA is inserted Enzymes are used to cut a segment of DNA from one organism Join DNA to a DNA strand in another organism (often bacteria) Vectors Viruses Scientists insert DNA to virus virus “infects” bacteria with new DNA

Transgenic Organisms Have one or more genes from another organism inserted into the genome. Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce human proteins (ex: insulin). Transgenic plants are common in agriculture (ex: fish gene in tomatoes).

How gene therapy works: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLI1Gfb0ynw Replaces defective or missing genes, or adds new genes, to treat a disease. How it’s done: genetically engineered viruses with desirable genes Virus is used to “infect” patient’s cells with genes that carry needed information Ex: Insert gene to make missing enzyme insert “suicide” genes into cancer cells

Gene Therapy Challenges Viruses may not insert gene in correct cells Virus may insert gene in the wrong location Inserted gene may not be expressed May trigger uncontrolled cell growth (cancer)

Stem Cells Unspecialized cells, can become any type of cell. Types: Embryonic: From embryo, controversial Somatic (adult): From somatic cells, no controversy Uses: Test new drugs Treat disease Transplant tissues/organs Ex: spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, diabetes, arthritis, heart disease http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2ymkuUc6FU (embryonic) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSpjcLlOKw8 (somatic)

Cloning A genetically identical copy of a gene or any portion of an organism

Cloning in Nature bacteria (binary fission) some plants (from roots) some simple animals (budding, regeneration) Twins http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=489CSop00sY&list=PL8068FED6A5B09B23&index=1 (hydra)

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Nucleus is removed from an egg cell Nucleus of a somatic cell from the animal to be cloned is implanted in the egg. Used to produce whole organism or stem cells SCNT: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0d-ciOWW5nM

Reproductive Cloning Produces an animal that has identical DNA to another animal. Uses Mass produce animals with special qualities Repopulate endangered or extinct animals Controversy Decreased biodiversity Very low success rate clones “imperfect”, often have significant health problems. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzJx2dl8MA8 (cloning)

Therapeutic Cloning Uses embryonic stem cells to study human development and (someday) treat disease. Uses Create cells, tissues, or organs for transplant Controversy Use of embryonic cells (when does life begin?)