Topic II Measuring Earth.

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Presentation transcript:

Topic II Measuring Earth

I. The Shape of Earth A. Oblate Spheroid: earth is flattened at the poles and bulges at the equator. *the equatorial diameter is greater than the polar diameter.

B. Evidence of Earth’s Shape 1. Photos from space: reveal that Earth is almost a perfect sphere. 2. Ships over the horizon: the gradual appearance or disappearance of a ship over the curved surface of Earth.

3. Lunar Eclipses: the curved shadow of Earth on the moon’s surface during a lunar eclipse.

4. Measurement of Gravity: the pull of gravity is greater at the poles than the equator. a. The poles are closer to Earth’s center generating a greater pull of gravity.

5. The altitude of Polaris (North Star): the altitude of Polaris above the horizon changes as an observer moves north or south in the Northern Hemisphere. a. As you travel north the altitude of Polaris increases. *the altitude of Polaris equals the Northern latitude of the observer.

b. Locating Polaris

II. Latitude and Longitude A. Latitude: angular distance measuring from the equator (0 degrees) to the north or south poles (90 degrees) 1. Parallels: lines of latitude that run east to west parallel to the equator.

B. Longitude: angular distance measuring east or west of the Prime Meridian. 1. Meridians: lines that run north /south from pole to pole. a. Prime Meridian: 0 degrees long. b. International Date Line: 180 degrees long. Maximum long.

1. Earth’s rotational speed: # of degrees in Earth 360 degrees C. Time Zones: There are 24 time zones on Earth at an approx. width of 15 degrees each. 1. Earth’s rotational speed: # of degrees in Earth 360 degrees Time of one rotation 24 hours Answer: =

2. The four time zones in the United States

3. Crossing the International Date Line: a. You will gain a day if you cross it heading West and lose a day when heading East. Ex. If it’s Wed. and you cross the IDL heading west, it would then be Thursday.

III. Fields: a region of space/area that has a measurable value of a given property at every point. A. Isolines: lines on a field map connecting points of equal value. Ex. Isotherms connect points of equal temp.

B. Topographic Maps: show the change in elevation of the land. 1. Contour Line: isolines connecting points of equal elevation. 2. Contour Interval: difference in elevation between two consecutive contour lines.

3. Index Contour Line: a bolded line indicating the elevation of that line. 4. Benchmark: a monument giving the exact elevation above sea level of that spot.

5. Depression Contour: Indicated by hachure marks, shows a decrease in elevation. * The value of the first depression line is equal to the line before it.

What direction is the stream flowing? 6. River Valleys: (the law of V’s) contour lines bend upstream where they cross a river. The V’s point uphill. What direction is the stream flowing?

7. Topographic Profile: a side view (elevation) of a given area. Map view Profile view

8. Gradient: The rate at which elevation changes from place to place 8. Gradient: The rate at which elevation changes from place to place. The closer the lines, the steeper the slope. a. Gradient: change in field value distance

Calculate the gradient between points A and B Distance from A to B is 25 km, elevation is in meters.

IV. Parts of Earth A. Atmosphere: the gases that surround earth B. Hydrosphere: the waters of Earth (oceans, seas, lakes) C. Lithosphere: the outer shell of Earth composed of rock.

Composotion of Earth

Earth’s Atmosphere