1. Measuring Earth Unit 2 ©Mark Place, 2009-2010

2. Information regarding
Earth’s Spheres
Information regarding
Earth’s atmosphere
can be found on page
of the ESRTs
1 and 14

3. Page 1

4. Page 14

5. Information regarding
Earth’s Spheres
Information regarding
Earth’s interior
can be found on page
of the ESRTs
1 & 10

6. Page 1

7. Page 10

8. Information regarding
Earth’s Spheres
Information regarding
Earth’s hydrosphere
can be found on page
of the ESRTs 1

10. Please answer
the questions
in your notes.

11. 1. 4600°C, 1.2 million atmospheres (+/- 0.2)
Answers:
°C, 1.2 million atmospheres (+/- 0.2)
2. oxygen
3. Hydrogen, Oxygen °C
5. 0°C km

12. Earth is an oblate spheroid.
Shape of the Earth
Earth is an oblate spheroid.
Earth is slightly flattened at the poles and bulges at the Equator.
©Mark Place,

13. Proof of Earth’s Shape
Ships sail over the curve of the Earth.

14. Proof of Earth’s Shape
During a lunar eclipse, the Earth’s shadow is curved.

15. Proof of Earth’s Shape
Photos from space.

16. it looks very, very, very, very, very, very, very ROUND.
Although the Earth
is oblate,
it looks very, very, very, very, very, very, very ROUND.

17. Size of the Earth
Eratosthenes first determined the size of the spherical Earth, 1500 years before Columbus.

18. Eratosthenes (276 BC – 195 BC) was a Greek mathematician,
poet, athlete, geographer,
astronomer, music theorist
and Mario Cart champion.

19. Eratosthenes was the first person to calculate the circumference of the spherical earth.
Mama Mia! This is a not a good!
7.5o o =
800 km C
ABOUT 3% ERROR
Pretty good, don’t ya think? Over 1600 years before Columbus.

20. 40,008 KM 40,076 KM About 42 miles difference. POLAR CIRCUMFERENCE
EQUATORIAL CIRCUMFERENCE
40,076 KM
24,887 MILES
About 42 miles difference.

21. Oblate Spheroid Measurements on earth. Satellite data.
Gravimeter readings.
Gravity readings show that you weigh more at the North Pole than at the Equator, because the poles are closer to the Earth’s center.

22. Topographic maps show the elevation (therefore the shape) of the land.
What is the purpose?
Topographic maps show the elevation (therefore the shape) of the land.

23. Who uses topographic maps?
the military
miners
police
farmers

24. When might someone
use a topographic
map?
building homes
plan a hiking trip
landscaping
road building

25. Contour Interval? 25

26. Contour
Interval? 20
Elevation of "A"?
540
Elevation of "B"?
580

27. 619

28. What do hachured
lines show?
areas of
depression

29. concerning hachured lines?
What are the rules
concerning hachured lines?
first hachured
line has same
elevation as previous
contour line

30. top of the page, what direction
300 m
Use elevations!
250 m
If north is at the
top of the page, what direction
is this river flowing?
south

31. V Notice that the contour lines bend up stream (up the hill)
when they cross a creek or a river.

32. Oatka Creek flows NORTH
Can a river flow north?
Oatka Creek flows NORTH V
We’re here.

33. Can a river flow north?
South
North

34. Can a river flow north?
yes!

35. Name two ways that you can
determine which
way a river flows
on a topographic map.
contour lines point
upstream
rivers flow
downhill

36. What are the steps to draw a topographic profile
place a piece of paper between the points
mark where every contour line
touches the edge of the paper
determine the elevation of each mark
place the paper on the graph and mark the
elevation of each contour line

37. Using the map and chart below, construct a topographic map profile.

38. Please match the contour map on the left with the profile on the right.

39. Topographic Maps---Distance Between Points
What is the distance, in kilometers, from Kingston to Oswego?
266 km
What is the distance, in miles, from Plattsburgh to Jamestown?
342 miles

40. 115 miles gradient = change in elevation distance = 1634-282 115 miles
The elevation of Albany is 282 feet.
The elevation at Binghamton is 1634 feet.
Calculate the gradient to the nearest tenth of a ft/mi. Show all work.
115 miles
gradient = change in elevation
distance =
115 miles
= 1352 ft
115 miles
= 11.8 ft/mile

41. gradient = change in elevation distance
The elevation of Watertown is 99m.
The elevation at Oswego is 144m.
Calculate the gradient to the nearest tenth of a m/km. Show all work.
gradient = change in elevation
distance =
75 km
= 45 m
75 km
= 0.6 m/km

42. gradient = change in temperature distance
If the distance between
the two
circled cities is 425 km,
calculate the temperature
gradient to the nearest hundredth?
Show all work.
gradient = change in temperature
distance
= 82-48
425
= 34
425
= °F/km

43. Latitude & Longitude Measuring Earth Notes ©Mark Place, 2009-2010

44. Let’s Look at This Question:
How is latitude measured?

45. To get to the next line of latitude, you must move 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 15 45 75
105
120
135
150
165
180 E F G H
To get to the next line of
latitude, you must move
in which of two directions?
Latitude
Equator

46. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 15 45 75
105
120
135
150
165
180 E F G H
North
South

47. Latitude is measured
and
from the
North
South
Equator

48. Lines run east and west but measure north and south; like on a football field.
TOUCHDOWN

49. Let’s Look at This Question:
How is longitude measured?

50. To get to the next line of longitude, you must move 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 15 45 75
105
120
135
150
165
180 E F G H
To get to the next line of
longitude, you must move
in which of two directions?
Prime Meridian

51. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 15 45 75
105
120
135
150
165
180 E F G H
West
East

52. Longitude is measured
and
from the
East
West
Prime Meridian

53. Longitude and Latitude

54. Let’s do some plotting.

55. On the coordinate system, plot the coordinates given in your notes:10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 15 45 75
105
120
135
150
165
180 E F G H D A B C

56. State the coordinates for each of the letters in the figure above:10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 15 45 75
105
120
135
150
165
180 E F G H
20°N, 75°E
65°N, 50°W
70°S, 15°E
10°S, 135°W

57. BASED ON THE ____________
LATITUDE
ALTITUDE
BASED ON THE OF
BASED ON THE ____________
OF _______________
Demo
POLARIS

58. POLARIS

59. LATITUDE =
ALTITUDE

60. POLARIS CAN ONLY BE
SEEN IN THE
HEMISPHERE
NORTHERN

61. 25°N, 100°W
Altitude of Polaris
25°

62. 30°S, 100°E
Altitude of Polaris
Can't be seen!

63. 80°S, 65°W
Altitude of Polaris
Can't be seen!

64. 45°N, 105°E
Altitude of Polaris
45°

65. LONGITUDE
BASED ON EARTH’S
BASED ON
ROTATION

66. LONGITUDE
EACH HOUR,
EARTH ROTATES
(360°/24hrs)
15°

67. Global Positioning System
GPS
Global Positioning System

68. HOW MANY TIME ZONES?

69. HOW MANY TIME ZONES?
24 TIME ZONES
15° APART

70. People on the
same line of
longitude have
the same
Local Time

71. Example: Two students record a difference in local time of two
hours. How many degrees of
longitude apart are they?
15° x 2 hours = 30°