DEVELOPMENT AND ‘CROSS -CUTTING FACTORS’ Drought, violence and armed conflict may TURN NATURAL HAZARDS INTO DISASTERS. Also, risks of diseases such as malaria and HIV/AIDS may interact with human vulnerability and worsen disaster risks brought about by urbanisation, climate change, violence and armed conflict and marginalisation.

THE ‘RISK- POVERTY ‘NEXUS’(i.e ‘LINK’) What factors other than income inequality may have a significant impact on disaster risk? 1. Asset inequality- relates to housing and security of tenure (i.e. conditions under which land or buildings are occupied) as well as agricultural productivity in farming communities or goods or savings etc….

2. Political inequality: Exists worldwide in the unequal capability of governance in different countries 3. Social Status inequality: This is often directly linked to SPACE e.g slums on the outskirts of mega cities are often in dangerous / risky locations…

The Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction(2015) suggests that urban segregation can generate new patterns of disaster risk. E.g low income households are FORCED TO OCCUPY HAZARD- EXPOSED AREAS where there are low land values. These areas are likely to have poor infrastructure and social protection as well as high levels of environmental degradation. People living here often have LOW RESILIENCE as they have ‘little voice’ in terms of political debate and influence as well as being socially excluded and marginalised. Their lack of secure tenure discourages planners from investing in better housing and they are also LESS LIKELY TO BENEFIT FROM SERVICES OR MEASURE SUCH AS EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION MEASURES which may be provided for other neighbourhoods.

HOW WOULD YOU DEFINE GOVERNANCE? WHITEBOARD THINKING HOW WOULD YOU DEFINE GOVERNANCE?

KEY TERM: GOVERNANCE The sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs. It is a continuous process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and co-operative action may be taken. It includes formal institutions and regimes( e.g. single higher or sovereign authority) empowered to enforce compliance, as well as informal arrangements ( e.g.public, private and voluntary sectors) that people and institutions have either agreed to or perceive to be in their interest. It includes local, regional and national government (‘Players’)

GOVERNANCE AND HAZARD VULNERABILITY Weak political organisations and political corruption are also factors which CONTRIBUTE MORE TO A VULNERABLE POPULATION in terms of disaster risk ( e.g. Martin Martelly- Present President of Haiiti)

These are also linked to OTHER FACTORS that contribute to a more vulnerable population in terms of disaster risk which include: a) Population density b) Geographic isolation and accessibility c) Degree of urbanisation All of this contributes to a community’s resilience.