Monarchs of Europe CHAPTER 19 11/13/2018 CHAPTER 19 Monarchs of Europe Section 1: France in the Age of Absolutism Section 2: Russia in the Age of Absolutism Section 3: Central Europe in the Age of Absolutism Section 4: The English Monarchy

France in the Age of Absolutism Section 1: France in the Age of Absolutism Objectives: Explain how Henry VI and Cardinal Richelieu strengthened France. Analyze Louis XIV’s strategy for strengthening the central government. Identify Louis XIV’s reasons for waging war and the results.

Strengthening the Monarchy Section 1: France in the Age of Absolutism Strengthening the Monarchy Henry IV (r. 1589-1610) Huguenot (Protestant) Issued the Edict of Nantes (1598) Gave freedom of worship and political rights in an attempt to end religious wars Became a Catholic to unify France Murdered in 1610

Strengthening the Monarchy Section 1: France in the Age of Absolutism Strengthening the Monarchy Louis XIII (r. 1610-1648) 8 years old when he came to the throne Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) worked to reduce strength of nobles and to reform the economy Transformed France into a strong, centralized state Goal was to get the king more power

France in the Age of Absolutism Section 1: France in the Age of Absolutism Cardinal Richelieu Created Intendants to be royal officials Took power away from local aristocrats and gave it to king Led wars against rebellious Huguenots

Strengthening the Monarchy Section 1: France in the Age of Absolutism Strengthening the Monarchy The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 Protestant rebellion against the Catholic Holy Roman Empire Fought mostly in Germany France became involved in 1636 ended with Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 Added territory to the country as a result

The Sun King (Louis XIV) (1638-1715) Section 1: France in the Age of Absolutism The Sun King (Louis XIV) (1638-1715) Ruled from 1648-1715 Versailles Palace built by Louis XIV by 1682 expense of palace strained the French economy Domestic and economic policies absolute power for king (L’etat, c’est moi) increased French industry at home and trade abroad reformed tax system Became the leading naval power

Louis XIV (The Sun King) Section 1: France in the Age of Absolutism Louis XIV (The Sun King)

France in the Age of Absolutism Section 1: France in the Age of Absolutism Versailles

France in the Age of Absolutism Section 1: France in the Age of Absolutism Versailles

France in the Age of Absolutism Section 1: France in the Age of Absolutism Versailles

Jean-Baptiste Colbert Section 1: France in the Age of Absolutism Jean-Baptiste Colbert 1619-1683 Minister of Finance under Louis XIV Goal was the strengthen the French economy Caused the Huguenots to flee from France

France in the Age of Absolutism Section 1: France in the Age of Absolutism The Wars of Louis XIV Fighting for new territory 4 wars from 1647 to 1713 Went outside the natural borders other nations created alliance against France to maintain a balance of power War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) Fought to see who would control the throne of Spain Inherited by Louis XIV grandson Became a world war

France in the Age of Absolutism Section 1: France in the Age of Absolutism The Wars of Louis XIV Treaty of Utrecht (1713) provided that French and Spanish monarchies could never be united Gave some French land in North America to Britain Louis XIV’s legacy Made France powerful, but weakened the country financially

Russia in the Age of Absolutism Section 2: Russia in the Age of Absolutism Objectives: Identify ways Russia was isolated from western Europe. Analyze how Peter the Great used his power to change Russia. Examine how Catherine the Great expanded Russia’s territory.

Isolation and a New Dynasty Section 2: Russia in the Age of Absolutism Isolation and a New Dynasty Asian influence Ruled by Mongols for 200 years Religious differences Orthodox religion Geographically separated from Europe

Russia in the Age of Absolutism Section 2: Russia in the Age of Absolutism Peter the Great (1672-1725) Peter’s foreign mission his attempt to form alliances against Ottoman Turks failed, learned many Western ways by traveling to The Netherlands and England Westernized Russia improved training and weaponry of the army Western architecture (built St. Petersburg) modernized society

Russia in the Age of Absolutism Section 2: Russia in the Age of Absolutism Peter the Great (1672-1725)

Catherine the Great (1729-1796) Section 2: Russia in the Age of Absolutism Catherine the Great (1729-1796) Catherine’s policies German wife of the Emperor Peter III She seized power when Peter came to the throne (1762) domestic policies were meaningless or harmful to most Russians foreign policies won new territory and extended the Russian empire Poland – Russia split Poland with Prussia and Austria Expansion eastward – Siberia and Alaska

Catherine the Great (1729-1796) Section 2: Russia in the Age of Absolutism Catherine the Great (1729-1796)

Central Europe in the Age of Absolutism Section 3: Central Europe in the Age of Absolutism Objectives: Explain how the Habsburgs gained and held power. Explain how the Hohenzollerns rose to power. Identify the factors that contributed to conflicts between Prussia and Austria.

Central Europe in the Age of Absolutism Section 3: Central Europe in the Age of Absolutism Habsburg Austria Maria Theresa (1717-1780) Pragmatic Sanction allowed her to inherit all Habsburg lands Strengthened Austria in a series of wars Had 16 children Made several reform in Austria Age 63 Age 11

The Rise of the Hohenzollerns Section 3: Central Europe in the Age of Absolutism The Rise of the Hohenzollerns Frederick William I (1688-1740) sought to make Prussia a great power Became an elector of the HRE Created an efficient system of government Frederick the Great (1712-1786) highly intelligent expanded territory and prestige Frederick William I Frederick the Great

Conflict Between Prussia and Austria Section 3: Central Europe in the Age of Absolutism Conflict Between Prussia and Austria War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48) Prussia, France and Spain fought Austria and Britain to prevent Maria Theresa from becoming Empress The Diplomatic Revolution – reversal of alliances resulted in France and Austria opposing Prussia and Great Britain The Seven Years’ War (1756-63) began in North America as the French and Indian War Austria, France, and Russia fought Britain and Prussia The years of peace – European powers reluctant to fight again, so rebuilt and strengthened kingdoms at home

The English Monarchy Objectives: Section 4: Describe the rule of Mary Tudor of England. Describe the rule of Elizabeth I. Explain the problems James I faced in ruling England.

The English Monarchy The House of Tudor Section 4: Mary I (r. 1553-58) Catholic ruler of Protestant England married Philip II of Spain (cousin) Persecuted Protestant clergy Failed because persecutions were too extreme Known as “Bloody Mary” Mary I

The Reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Section 4: The English Monarchy The Reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Elizabeth Became Queen after her sister Mary Queen of Scots – Mary plotted to kill Elizabeth; Elizabeth had Mary beheaded The Spanish Armada (1588) English ships defeated “Invincible Armada” Religious problems Puritans wanted to rid church of all Catholic practices; Tudors persecuted non-Anglicans Relations with Parliament – Parliament challenged royal power, but Elizabeth managed them skillfully

The English Monarchy James I (r. 1603-25) Section 4: Son of Mary Queen of Scots, ruled both England and Scotland Strong supporter of Anglican Church, which caused conflicts with Puritans King James Version of Bible Lacked economic, diplomatic skill Did not fully understand English parliamentary system Believed in divine right of kings

Central Europe in the Age of Absolutism Section 3: Central Europe in the Age of Absolutism James I Elizabeth I

The Thirty Years War Punishments of Charles I