Huntington Disease (HD)

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Huntington Disease (HD) این ارائه شامل: 1.طبقه بندی و ویژگی های بالینی. 2.ساختار و اساس مولکولی ژن HD. 3.شامل عکس های بالینی است که حرکات غیر ارادی در HD را نشان داده و بافت مغز بیماران مبتلا و افراد نرمال را مقایسه می کند. 4.شجره نامه یک خانواده HD. 5.احتمال به ارث رسیدن ژن تغییر یافتهHD. 6.مزایا و معایب تست پیش بینی برای HD.

Huntington Disease (HD) این یک بیماری غالب اتوزومی بوده و بازوی کوتاه کروموزوم 4 درگیر می باشد. ویژگی های فیزیکی: - حرکات غیر ارادی - از دست دادن وزن - اختلال در راه رفتن - اختلال در گفتار و بلع تظاهرات روانپزشکی : - تغییرات شخصیتی - افسردگی - زوال عقل زودرس.

Structure of the Huntington disease gene Short vertical bars represent exons.

Huntington disease - a triplet repeat disease CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG …... CAG 11-37 CAG triplet repeats are normal: encodes a run of 11-37glutamine amino acid residues in the protein. A run of > 37 glutamine residues causes the protein to aggregate in the brain cells and cause progressive cell death. Runs of >37 CAG repeats in the HD gene expand further (particularly during male meiosis) causing earlier age of onset in children of men who have the gene – anticipation.

Huntington Disease (HD) توضیحاتی در مورد اسلاید قبل: نزدیک به همه ی مبتلایان بهHD دارای گسترشی از توالی تکراریCAG پلی گلوتامین هستند.اخیرا گروه کاری مشترکی از کالج ژنتیک پزشکی آمریکا و انجمن ژنتیک انسانی آمریکا پیشنهاد نمودند که ژن های HDرا بر اساس طول تکرار CAG می توان به 4 زیر عنوان دسته بندی کرد: آلل ها ی طبیعی:دارای 26تکرار یا کمتر با علائم بالینی همراه نبوده و در تقسیم میوز پایدارند. آلل های جهش پذیر:آلل های با اندازه 27-35 تکرار CAG موجب بیماری نمی شوند،اما با داشتن استعداد افزایش یا کاهش در اندازه ی خود،ناپایداری میوزی نشان می دهند.بنابراین آلل های جهش پذیر مخزنی برای جهش های جدید به شمار می آیند.زمانی که فرد مبتلایی ظاهرا با یک جهش جدید مشاهده می شود،معمولا بیانگر آن است که پدرش آلل جهش پذیری را حمل می کند. آلل های با نفوذپذیری کاهش یافته:متشکل از آلل های36-39 تکرارCAGهستند.این آلل ها با ظهور دیررس بیماری یا فقدان کامل بروز بیماری(یعنی بدون نفوذ پذیری) همراه هستند. آلل های بیماری:دارای تکرار40 یا بیشتر CAG هستند و همواره موجب بیماری می شوند،اگرچه گاهی ممکن است بیماری تا دهه هفتم یا هشتم زندگی بروز نکند.

بین اندازه تکرار و بروز بیماری با میانگین سنی ارتباط مستقیمی وجود دارد. در بیشتر بالغین مبتلا اندازه ی تکرار بین 36 و50 است،در حالی که در شکل نوجوانی اغلب گسترشی بزرگتر از 55 تکرار دارند. نوجوانان مبتلا به شکل سختHD تقریبا همیشه آلل جهش یافته را از پدر با ابتلای خفیف به HD به ارث برده اند.(به طور معمول انتقال پدری)

21 CAG repeats in a “normal”/usual Huntington disease gene 1 ttg ctg tgt gag gca gaa cct gcg ggg gca ggg gcg ggc tgg ttc cct ggc cag cca ttg 61 gca gag tcc gca ggc tag ggc tgt caa tca tgc tgg ccg gcg tgg ccc cgc ctc cgc cgg 121 cgc ggc ccc gcc tcc gcc ggc gca cgt ctg gga cgc aag gcg ccg tgg ggg ctg ccg gga 181 cgg gtc caa gat gga cgg ccg ctc agg ttc tgc ttt tac ctg cgg ccc aga gcc cca ttc 241 att gcc ccg gtg ctg agc ggc gcc gcg agt cgg ccc gag gcc tcc ggg gac tgc cgt gcc 301 ggg cgg gag acc gcc atg gcg acc ctg gaa aag ctg atg aag gcc ttc gag tcc ctc aag 361 tcc ttc cag cag cag cag cag cag cag cag cag cag cag cag cag cag cag cag cag cag 421 cag cag cag caa cag ccg cca ccg ccg ccg ccg ccg ccg ccg cct cct cag ctt cct cag 21 CAG repeats in a “normal”/usual Huntington disease gene

بیماری هانتینگتون a))یک بیمار در مراحل پیشرفته بیماری است که حرکات غیر ارادی از سر و صورت را نشان می دهد. (b) مقایسه مغز سالم (سمت چپ) با مغز از بیماران هانتینگتون (سمت راست)؛ توجه داشته باشید از دست دادن بافت در مغز بیماری هانتینگتون Fig. 1.1 ©Scion Publishing Ltd Photos courtesy of (a) Prof. Peter Harper and (b) Dr David Crauford

Fig. 1.7 ©Scion Publishing Ltd Pedigree of John Ashton’s family. This is shown as it might be recorded in the clinic. Fig. 1.7 ©Scion Publishing Ltd

Observations show that 40% of people with the HD gene are asymptomatic at the age of 50 Intuition says probability of parent having gene at age 50 = 1/2 x 1/2.5 = 1/5. Therefore son’s risk is ½ x 1/5 = 1/10. BUT THIS IS INCORRECT! Probabilities should be multiplied only when they are completely independent of each other, and these are not. Developing HD is conditional on having inherited the gene. Have to use Bayes theorem:- His mother’s probability of having gene for HD and asymptomatic at age 50 is 1/3.5 His risk is therefore 1/7. Probability: ½ at birth Probability of inheriting the altered HD gene at birth: ½ x ½ = ¼

Advantages of predictive testing for Huntington disease Uncertainty of gene status removed. If negative: concerns about self and offspring reduced. If positive: make plans for the future arrange surveillance/treatment if any inform children/decide whether to have children.

Disadvantages of predictive testing for Huntington disease If positive: removes hope introduces uncertainty (if and when) known risk to offspring impact on self/partner/family/friends potential problems with insurance/mortgage. If negative: expectations of a ‘good’ result ‘survivor’ guilt.

قطاری که از ریل خارج میشود شاید آزاد شده باشد اما راه به جایی نمیبرد. قطاری که از ریل خارج میشود شاید آزاد شده باشد اما راه به جایی نمیبرد. ارائه و تنظیم:سمانه مقیمی زیر نظر:جناب آقای دکتر دستجردی