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1.5 Anatomical Terms Anatomical Position and Directional Terms Standard anatomical position Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body Directional terms describe one body structure in relation to another body structure Direction is always based on standard anatomical position Right and left refer to the body being viewed, not right and left of observer © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 1.1-1 Orientation and Directional Terms © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 1.1-2 Orientation and Directional Terms (continued) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 1.1-3 Orientation and Directional Terms (continued) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Regional Terms Two major divisions of body Axial Head, neck, and trunk Appendicular Limbs (legs and arms) Regional terms designate specific areas within body divisions © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.7a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Upper limb Mental Acromial Cervical Brachial (arm) Antecubital Thoracic Sternal Axillary Antebrachial (forearm) Mammary Carpal (wrist) Abdominal Umbilical Manus (hand) Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Palmar Pollex Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Thorax Tarsal (ankle) Abdomen Metatarsal Digital Hallux Anterior/Ventral © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.7b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Upper limb Acromial Cervical Brachial (arm) Olecranal Back (dorsal) Antebrachial (forearm) Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Manus (hand) Metacarpal Sacral Gluteal Digital Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Back (Dorsum) Plantar Posterior/Dorsal © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Body Planes and Sections Surfaces along which body or structures may be cut for anatomical study Three most common planes: Sagittal plane Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse (horizontal) plane Sections Cuts or sections made along a body plane Named after plane, so a sagittal cut results in a sagittal section © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Body Planes and Sections (cont.) Sagittal plane Divides body vertically into right and left parts Produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane Midsagittal (median) plane Cut was made perfectly on midline Parasagittal plane Cut was off-centered, not on midline © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Body Planes and Sections (cont.) Frontal (coronal) plane Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts (front and back) Produces a frontal or coronal section Transverse (horizontal) plane Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom) Produces a cross section Oblique section Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical plane © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Median (midsagittal) plane Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse plane Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Median (midsagittal) plane Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse plane Vertebral column Right lung Left lung Heart Liver Aorta Pancreas Spleen Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneous fat layer Spinal cord © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Median (midsagittal) plane Figure 1.8a Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Median (midsagittal) plane Vertebral column Rectum Intestines © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Frontal (coronal) plane Figure 1.8b Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Frontal (coronal) plane Right lung Left lung Heart Liver Stomach Spleen © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Transverse plane Liver Aorta Pancreas Spleen Subcutaneous fat layer Figure 1.8c Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Transverse plane Liver Aorta Pancreas Spleen Subcutaneous fat layer Spinal cord © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.6 Body Cavities and Membranes Body contains internal cavities that are closed to environment Cavities provide different degrees of protection to organs within them Two sets of cavities Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dorsal Body Cavity Protects fragile nervous system Two subdivisions Cranial cavity Encases brain Vertebral cavity Encases spinal cord © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Vertebral cavity Dorsal body cavity Superior mediastinum Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Diaphragm Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdomino- pelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdomino- pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Lateral view Anterior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ventral Body Cavity Houses the internal organs (collectively called viscera) Two subdivisions, which are separated by the diaphragm Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ventral Body Cavity (cont.) Thoracic cavity Two pleural cavities Each cavity surrounds one lung Mediastinum Contains pericardial cavity Surrounds other thoracic organs, such as esophagus, trachea, etc. Pericardial cavity Encloses heart © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ventral Body Cavity (cont.) Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver Pelvic cavity Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Vertebral cavity Dorsal body cavity Superior mediastinum Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Diaphragm Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdomino- pelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdomino- pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Lateral view Anterior view © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 1.1 Whereas the pelvic bones provide limited protection to the pelvic cavity, the walls of abdominal cavity are formed by muscle only, so organs in this area are most vulnerable to trauma © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ventral Body Cavity (cont.) Membranes in ventral body cavity Serosa (also called serous membrane) Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera) Double layers are separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ventral Body Cavity (cont.) Named for specific cavity and organs that they are associated with Pericardium Heart Pleurae Lungs Peritoneum Abdominopelvic cavity © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.10 Serous membrane relationships. Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates the relationship between the parietal and visceral serous membrane layers. Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium The serosae associated with the heart. © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 1.2 Serous membranes can become inflamed as a result of infection or other causes Normally smooth layers can become rough and even can stick together, resulting in excruciating pain Examples: pleurisy and peritonitis © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ventral Body Cavity (cont.) Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions Quadrants are divisions used primarily by medical personnel Abdominopelvic region is sectioned into quarters Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ventral Body Cavity (cont.) Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions (cont.) Nine divisions called regions, resembling a tic-tac-toe grid, are used primarily by anatomists Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumber region Right Iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric region Left iliac (inguinal) region © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions. Liver Diaphragm Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Spleen Epigastric region Gallbladder Stomach Ascending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Small intestine Descending colon of large intestine Cecum Initial part of sigmoid colon Right iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Appendix Urinary bladder Nine regions delineated by four planes Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Other Body Cavities In addition to the two main body cavities, the body has several smaller cavities that are exposed to environment Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Not exposed to environment Synovial cavities: joint cavities © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.