Global Reconstruction and the Bipolar World 1945-1991

The Cold War

Postwar Plans and Conferences

Postwar Settlements Yalta – Feb. 1945 San Francisco – June 1945 Division of Germany into zones of occupation Free elections in Eastern Europe San Francisco – June 1945 Creation of United Nations 11 member Security Council 5 permanent members (GB, France, China, US, USSR) Potsdam – July/Aug 1945 Immediate control of Germany

The Cold War

Definition The Cold War is defined as the tense relationship that existed between the U.S. and the Soviet Union Issues Both are ‘superpowers’ Capitalism vs. Communism Confrontations started in Germany, Europe, and then went global Competing blocs

Origin of U.S. involvement Containment Truman Doctrine – 1947 Attempt to stop the domino effect of nations moving politically towards Soviet Union-based communism Began with financial aid to Turkey and Greece Marshall Plan - 1947 U.S. assistance program to give food, machinery, and other materials to rebuild Western Europe

The Beginning… Stalin ignores Yalta provisions Establishment of communist regimes in Eastern Europe Germany and Berlin are split into an eastern and western zone via postwar settlements

Occupied Germany, 1945-1949

The Iron Curtain

Political Competition United States Soviet Union Truman Doctrine 1947 Marshall Plan 1949 NATO – 1949 A-Bomb – 1945 H- Bomb – 1952 Satellite - 1958 COMECON 1949-1991 Warsaw Pact- 1955 A –Bomb – 1949 H –Bomb – 1953 Satellite - 1957

Confrontations 1945- 1965

Berlin Airlift - 1948

Berlin Wall - 1961

Korean War 1950-1953 Korean is occupied by Soviets in the North and America in the South Stalemate was reached in 1953 5 million Koreans killed Country was divided by the 38th parallel

U-2 Incident - 1960 Spy plane used by U.S. Shot down over Soviet Union Denied first by U.S., later admitted Plane was intact Pilot was alive Embarrassment for U.S.

Cuba – 1962 Revolution led by Fidel Castro Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961 Castro will be aided by the Soviets Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

Vietnam War 1965-1973 US aids noncommunist Vietnam in south after French departure from territory U.S. reaches 500,000 troops in 1968 US eventually leaves in 1973, south is defeated in 1975 3 to 4 million Vietnamese killed 58,000+ U.S. deaths

Cold War Society and Culture

American ‘Domestic Containment’ McCarthyism and the HUAC Feminism and Anti-Feminism Black nationalism Rise in consumer products The Space Race

Soviet Union

The Olympics East & West Germany competed as one team, 1956-64 Boycott of China from 1956-1984 Hungarian vs. Soviet water polo team, 1956 games American vs. Soviet basketball team, 1972 Boycott of Olympics by both: 1980 and ‘84 ‘Miracle on Ice’ - 1980

The Space Race United States Soviet Union

Pop Culture

Challenges and Detente 1962-1979

Cooperation Agreement of a détente Salt I and Salt II Full diplomatic relations between China and the U.S.

Challenges in Hegemony Soviet Union Yugoslavia- 1945-80 Hungary – 1956 Czechoslovakia- 1968 Soviet-Chinese Alliance – 1950s to 1964 Afghanistan - 1979 United States Vietnam 1965-1975 Iranian Revolution 1979 Nicaragua 1979 Revolution For Both Emergence of OPEC and non-aligned countries

Cold War in the end… Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989 Communist party rules ends in 1991 U.S.S.R is broken up

The collapse of the Soviet Union - 1991

Effects $8 Trillion dollars spent by the U.S. 100,000 American lives lost (mostly in Korea and Vietnam) Civil Wars (mostly in Southeast Asia) Institutionalized the US in world affairs By 1989, the U.S. was responsible for military alliances with 50 countries and 1.5 million U.S. troops were posted in 117 countries

Nuclear Arms Race 1945-2005