Robert W. Strayer Ways of the World: A Brief Global History Second Edition and Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources Second Edition CHAPTER 20 Collapse at the Center: World War, Depression, and the Rebalancing of Global Power 1914–1970s Copyright © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

The First World War: European Civilization in Crisis 1914-1918 European States very competitive Large armies and navies Secret alliances Triple Alliance – Germany, Italy and Austro-Hungarian Triple Entente – Russia, France and Britain

Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated June 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary demanded that Serbia answer to the death – set of demands Serbia refused Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Serbia asked Russia for help

Russia mobilized to help and then Germany joined in with Austria-Hungary France joined in to help Russia Later when Germany attacks Belgium, England declared war on Germany USA will enter this war in the final year

New weapons – tanks, airplanes, machine guns, and poison gas Africa, India, China, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa Fighting occurred in many nations and labor / soldiers were used from these countries to fight in other places around the world Ottoman Empire enters war on the side of Germany – became the site of intense fighting which led to the Arab Revolt against Ottoman control

In Europe the Machine gun will cause Trench Warfare – stalemate for 4 years Legacies of the Great War War end with a defeat of Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire) Some battles saw causalities of over a million men

Total War – all nations’ resources toward war effort Germany took control over state economy – war socialism Propaganda used The huge amount of the loss of men led to disillusionment among educated men

Millions of men returned home and had to be placed into jobs Suffrage movement revived In USA Flappers started to show their independence – smoking, dancing and drinking Consumer society – cars, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, electric irons, gas ovens, and more

Face of Europe changed Collapse of Central powers – new countries of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and more In Russia the Bolsheviks (communist) had a revolution and pulled out of the war early Treaty of Versailles - Ended the war Punished Germany – took away overseas colonies and parts of country, no military allowed, new government and pay for the cost of the war

Ottoman Empire Thought the Armenians were giving information to the Russians Massacred about 1 million Ottoman Empire now Turkey New states established – Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine League of Nations formed Protect nations from aggression – United States never a member

Great Depression Collapse of capitalism Crash of stock market October 24 1929 Banks closed, people lost their jobs Unemployment 25% in USA 30% in Germany

United States was the Bankers of the World after WWI Loaned money to Germany and Austria so they could pay war reparations France and England owed USA a large debt some and used war reparations to pay debt When the collapse happened the money dried up and loans were not paid

Africa –Ghana (Gold Coast) famers produced cocoa – crash devastated this economy Latin American dependent economy also hurt- exports cut in ½ Brazil – economic low led to rebellion -New dictator Getulio Vargas 1930-1945 supported by military took steps to modernize the country - Rural poverty continued Mexico the depression led to Mexican Revolution Lazaro Cardenas 1934-1940 He pushed for land reforms and nationalized oil industry

United States New Deal programs – President Franklin D. Roosevelt New social programs Social security, minimum wage, support to unions, aid to farmers, food to needy, and put millions of Americans to work on government jobs

Fascist in Europe 1919-1945 Fascism developed in Europe Nationalistic – purify the nation Violence against enemies Citizens place their trust in leadership

Condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, democracy, and communism After WWI some people saw communism and socialism as a threat With the Great Depression people lost faith in democracies and capitalism Small fascist movements developed in France, Great Britain, and others with little to no impact

Spain – rise in fascism led to a civil war 1936-1939 this new regime lasted until 1970s Places in Latin America developed some fascist ideals 1 man rule, state controlled political parties, youth organizations and militias Italy and Germany the movement would establish major power in the states and have a major impact in Europe

 Italy unified in 1870 Industrialization in northern Italy led to conflict between working class and middle class WWI - - gave rise to angry veterans – many unemployed because of depression And many resentful to the major powers because Italy did not gain any territory as a result of the war Strikes and land seizures were threatened by communist and socialist parties

Benito Mussolini 1883-1945 Supported by an army of veterans and jobless men called Black Shirts Took power 1922 – bands of Black Shirts destroyed socialist newspapers and attacked striking workers Fearful of communism, big business supported Mussolini

Promised to bring order to Italy Banned political parties, labor unions He deported of killed anyone against him Secret police

Mussolini embraced Catholicism Lateran Accords of 1929 made the Vatican a sovereign state - Catholicism the state religion Women portrayed in traditional terms – wives and mothers Ethiopia invaded in 1935 Creates a new empire for Italy (new Roman Empire) League of Nations condemned this action but did nothing to stop it

Hitler and the Nazis Adolf Hitler 1889-1945 After WWI a new democratic government established – Weimar Republic Treaty of Versailles - punished Germany for the war German people looked to the new government with disgrace People began to say that Germany did not lose the war but that they were deceived by socialists, communist and Jews

The Great Depression – devastated Germany Massive unemployment – unemployed started to look toward communist, socialist and fascist for solutions Nazi Party – National Socialist Workers Party Stressed German racial superiority Hatred for the Jews

Denounced the Versailles Treaty Hitler was elected Chancellor 1933 Third Reich – 3rd German Empire Hitler took Germany out of the Great Depression Put people back to work and had a labor shortage by 1939

Mein Kampf (My Struggle) written by Hitler blamed the Jews on Germany’s problems Hitler’s policies restricted Jewish life Nuremberg Laws – No citizenship for Jews, not allowed jobs in medicine or education No sexual relations allowed between Jews and Germans Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass)

Nazi reign of terror against Jews Smashed and looted Jewish businesses Women seen as mothers first and glorified for having children Opposed abortions, contraception, family planning, and sex education Supported brothels - men / soldiers had needs Heinrich Himmler a leading official openly encouraged illegitimate births

Japanese Authoritarianism Modern history of Japan paralleled Italy and Germany All 3 were new comers to great power status Japan joined this group as it industrialized in the late 19th century Elected parliament was restricted

Emperor – semi divine and close advisors moved Japan toward an authoritarian state Japan’s economy grew as other nations were involved in WWI Education expanded, urban consumer society developed, Middle class women entered new professions Young women called moga (modern girls) short hair, short skirts, went dancing, - Mobo (modern boys)

1918 Rice Riots – millions of people protested rising prices Japan was moving toward democracy Hit hard by the depression World demands for Japan’s good was greatly reduced Millions of workers unemployed Families sold daughters into prostitution

Radical Nationalism of the Revolutionary Right Young military officers attracted to this Supported strong Nationalism - Anti-democratic Dedicated to commitment to emperor Territorial expansion   1930’s the military exercised more control The Meiji leadership quickly took Japan out of the Great Depression

Road to War in Asia WWII began in Asia 1931 Japan gained control of Manchuria Created a puppet state called Manchukuo Western powers were angered and Japan responded by withdrawing from the League of Nations 1936 it joined a pact with Italy and Germany

1937 Japan and China were at war Lacking natural resources – Japan started to gain control of lands in the Pacific 1940-1941 Malaya, Burma, Indonesia, and Philippines

Japan attacked the United states at Hawaii on 12-7-1941 Japan felt the United States would restrict its ability to become a dominant world power The United States entered the war The war would come to an end in 1945 after the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Road to War in Europe Germany – Nazis promised to not abide by the Versailles Treaty Germany – is encouraged when the League of Nations (France, England) and Russia do nothing to stop them Hitler said that Germany needed lebensraum (room to grow) Germany started to rebuild its military and rearm Marched into the Rhineland – demilitarized zone

1938 annexed Austria and ½ of Czechoslovakia Munich Conference – England and France gave Hitler permission to do this – Appeasement Hitler was told no more would be allowed September 1, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland – official start of WWII Hitler took over France and most of Europe

England was attacked and faced destruction – United States intervened and helped the English Hitler then turned his attention to Russia and millions of Russian would lose their lives Blitzkrieg –lightning war – quickly took control of most of Europe and parts of Russia United States entered the war Enormous resources of USA helped bring this war to an end Germans were defeated May 7 1945

Outcome of Global Conflict WWII was the most destructive conflict in world history 60 million deaths Russia – 40% of the deaths China 15 million Japanese killed men, women, children and animals

Rape of Nanjing 1937-1938 200,000-300,000 deaths Countless women were sexually assaulted Governments used other nation’s people England – used colonial troops and laborers Japan forced several thousand women from Korea, China, and elsewhere to take care of sexual needs – comfort women

These women often accommodated 20-30 men a day In the United States women entered the workforce – factories, ship building and other Rosie the Riveter – represented women working in men’s jobs Russia – women more than ½ industrial forces and some served in combat

Holocaust - Germany’s killing of Jews – final solution - 6 million Jews killed in death camps – Dachau, Auschwitz, and Bergan-Belsen Slavs, Gypsies and mentally ill or physically handicapped, homosexuals, communists and Jehovah’s Witnesses After the war Asian and African colonized states achieved independence   China - Communist takeover United Nations established

Recovery of Europe Much of Europe was in ruins United States had become the dominant country in the Western World Marshall Plan – 12 billion given to help rebuild Europe NATO formed – North Atlantic treaty Organization – defend against Soviet Union

Truman Doctrine – promise to aid any country resisting communism Japan was occupied and forced to adopt a democratic constitution Japan then started on a path to become the United States friend Korean War – 1950-1953 stop the spread of communism African American soldiers returning home in the United States will start a Civil Rights movement