Organic Molecules Category Building blocks of the cell (monomer) Larger units of the cell (polymers) Carbohydrates monosaccharide (simple sugar) polysaccharide (complex sugar) Proteins amino acids polypeptide Lipids Fatty acids, Glycerol Lipid Nucleic Acids Nucleotide Nucleic acid

Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules 6 protons 6 electrons Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique Unstable: 2nd level not full Will bond up to four times 1 1 4 2 2 3

Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules monomer monomer Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique Unstable: 2nd level not full Will bond up to four times Monomer: Small carbon molecules Ex: Amino acid Polymer: chain of linked monomers Ex: Protein monomer monomer monomer Polymer monomer monomer monomer monomer monomer

Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules Amino acid Amino acid Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique Unstable: 2nd level not full Will bond up to four times Monomer: Small carbon molecules Ex: Amino acid Polymer: chain of linked monomers Ex: Protein Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Protein Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid

Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules Simple sugar Simple sugar Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique Unstable: 2nd level not full Will bond up to four times Monomer: Small carbon molecules Ex: Amino acid Polymer: chain of linked monomers Ex: Protein Simple sugar Simple sugar Simple sugar Complex sugar Simple sugar Simple sugar Simple sugar Simple sugar Simple sugar

Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules nucleotide nucleotide Carbon = building block of organic molecules Carbon is unique Unstable: 2nd level not full Will bond up to four times Monomer: Small carbon molecules Ex: Amino acid Polymer: chain of linked monomers Ex: Protein nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide Nucleic acid nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide

H Is Carbon stable with 4 electrons in its outer layer? Is Hydrogen stable with 1 electron in its layer? Stable H C H C 1 dash = 2 electrons Stable Stable H C C Stable H Stable So what do atoms do when they are unstable? Problem: Drawing dot diagrams is time consuming. Try this instead! H They bond. This is the molecule methane, CH4.

The Same Thing… F C F C 1 dash = 2 electrons

Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable How many electrons? Single bonds 1 Dash = 2 electrons

Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable How many electrons? Single bonds Very complex 1 Dash = 2 electrons

Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable How many electrons? Single bonds Very complex Double bonds 1 Dash = 2 electrons

Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable How many electrons? Triple bonds Single bonds Very complex Double bonds 1 Dash = 2 electrons

Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable How many electrons? Triple bonds Ring structures Single bonds Very complex Double bonds 1 Dash = 2 electrons

Carbohydrates Readily available food source C1: H2: O1 ratio monosaccharide Glucose (C6H12O6) Readily available food source C1: H2: O1 ratio Ex: Glucose = C6 H12 O6 Monomer: Monosaccharides Simple sugars Bond to form complex sugars Polymer: Polysaccharide Complex sugars monosaccharide monosaccharide monosaccharide monosaccharide Poly-saccharide monosaccharide monosaccharide Fructose (C6H12O6) monosaccharide monosaccharide monosaccharide

Carbohydrates Readily available food source C1: H2: O1 ratio Ex: Glucose = C6 H12 O6 Monomer: Monosaccharides Simple sugars Bond to form complex sugars Polymer: Polysaccharide Complex sugars How do the monosaccharides bond together? Dehydration synthesis Monosaccharide 1 Monosaccharide 2 HO OH Monosaccharide 3 HO OH HO OH H2O O H2O O

Carbohydrate Polymers: Polysaccharide glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose Long chain of monosaccharides Ex: Starch: excess plant sugar converted & stored

Carbohydrate Polymers: Polysaccharide About 30,000 glucose monomers make up glycogen Polysaccharides: Long chain of monosaccharides Ex: Starch: excess plant sugar converted & stored Ex: Glycogen: animal starch stored in liver & muscles

Carbohydrate Polymers: Polysaccharide Cell wall Plasma membrane Polysaccharides: Long chain of monosaccharides Ex: Starch: excess plant sugar converted & stored Ex: Glycogen: animal starch stored in liver & muscles Ex: Cellulose: used in plants to make cell walls

Review How many electrons does Carbon have in the 1st energy level? 2nd energy level? Which type of organic molecule is most commonly used as energy for cells? If a carbohydrate has 8 carbon atoms, how many oxygen and hydrogen atoms will it most likely contain? What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? What are the polymers of carbohydrates called? Which polymer is stored by animals? Which polymer is stored by plants?