4.04 Understand Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system 1

Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal Cortex Addison's disease Cause: autoimmune processes, infection, cancer, abnormalities of the hypothalamus and pituitary Symptoms: weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, low BP, hypoglycemia, irritability, depression, excessive skin pigmentation. Diagnosis: blood tests and imaging Treatment - Hormone replacement

Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal Cortex Cushing's Syndrome Over secretion of Cortisol Symptoms: upper body obesity, round face, easy bruising, osteoprosis, fatigue, depression, hypertension, high blood sugar Treated by treating cause - a tumor Diagnosis: blood and urine test, MRI Causes: side effect of medical steroid use, pituitary or adrenal tumor, genetic disorder Before After

Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal Glands Steroid Abuse in Sports What are the risks? Males Females Why is it illegal? 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pancreas Diabetes Mellitus Normal blood sugar range is 80- 100 mg Most common symptoms: polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic coma 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system 6

Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pancreas Diabetes Mellitus (Type I) Treated with insulin injections: insulin dependent Age group most commonly affected are young children or young adults 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pancreas Diabetes Type II Adult populations from overworking or overuse of pancreas caused by poor diet/excess weight/heredity - not insulin dependent Most common form of diabetes, usually familial, occurs later in life, usually treated with diet

Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary Gland Acromegaly Enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet and joints with a characteristic protruding chin Caused by problems with growth hormone produced by pituitary gland 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system 9

Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary Gland Growth Hormone Deficiency (childhood) Common symptoms: failure to attain normal height, abnormally slow growth Treated with growth hormone injection Diagnosis: blood tests, rule out other causes of dwarfism

Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary Gland Gigantism Caused by hyperfunction of pituitary - too much growth hormone Symptoms: in preadolescence causes overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness 11

Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Parathyroid Tetany (hypoparathyroid): Symptoms: convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles Treatment: vitamin D, calcium and parathormone Complications of tetany include decreased calcium levels which affect functions of nerves 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Thyroid Gland Hyperthyroidism Overactive thyroid gland, too much thyroxine leads to enlargement of gland Symptoms: consuming large quantities of food but lose weight, nervous irritability Goiter which is enlargement of gland Exophthalmos with is bulging of eyeballs Treatment: partial or total removal of gland, drugs to reduce thyroxine, radiation 13

Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Thyroid Gland Hypothyroidism Not enough thyroxine, may be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter) Symptoms: dry, itchy skin, dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night

4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM What are some disorders of the endocrine system? How do you relate the body’s hormones to the endocrine system? 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system