1. Endocrine System

2. Watch Youtube Video Endocrine System…. https://youtu.be/HXPCQBD_WGI

3. The endocrine system is the collection of ductless glands that produce chemicals (or hormones) that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things- and secretes these hormones directly into the blood stream…pineal gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females) and testicles (in males), 
Hormones = chemical substances that coordinate and direct target organ cells (only specific cells respond to specific organs)
(Exocrine glands - Secrete substance through a duct
i.e. Sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas glands.)

4. Watch Youtube Video Endocrine System Animation…. https://youtu

7. Endocrine System Hormones:
chemical substances that coordinate and direct target organ cells (only specific cells respond to specific organs)

8. Watch Youtube Video Endocrine System…… https://youtu.be/lBWIkKfbW8U

9. Glands Work by Negative Feedback
Drop in hormone level triggers chain reaction:
Blood level of hormone falls
Brain gets message and sends out hormone to stimulate gland
Gland secretes more hormone
When blood levels of hormone increase, the brain hormones stop

10. Watch Youtube Video Homeostasis…
Watch Youtube Video Homeostasis….Hormones- Target cells & negative feedback

11. Nervous Control
In some cases, sympathetic nervous system causes direct release of hormone from gland
i.e.
stress may cause the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline

12. Pituitary Gland - Known as “Master Gland”
-Tiny – size of a grape
-Found in Cranial cavity
at Base of brain
-Connected to hypothalamus
-Divided into
Anterior / Posterior lobes

13. Anterior Pituitary Lobe secretes hormones:
GH – Growth hormone (somatotropin) responsible for growth and development
Prolactin – develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth
TSH – Thyroid stimulating hormone – stimulates thyroid cells to produce thyroid hormone = thyroxine (low TSH treated with synthroid)
ACTH – Adrenocortiocotropic hormone – stimulates adrenal cortex (assists body’s ability to cope with stress)
FSH – Follicle stimulating hormone – stimulates growth of follicle and production of estrogen in females and sperm in males
LH – Luteinizing hormone – stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females & causes interstitial cells in the testes to secrete testosterone in males

14. Posterior Pituitary Lobe Secretes:
-Vasopressin – converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserve water in the body
-Oxytocin – released during childbirth causing contractions of the uterus

15. Pituitary Lobe Secretes:

16. Watch Youtube Video Pituitary Gland…. Watch Pituitary Video above…

17. Thyroid Gland 1. Butterfly-shaped (or H-shaped) mass of tissue.
2. On either side of larynx, in front of the trachea.

18. Thyroid Gland produces Hormones:
-Thyroid stimulating hormone (stimulates cellular metabolism) – Main hormone Thyroxine – controlled by secretion of TSH – controls rate of metabolism -Calcitonin – controls calcium ion concentration in the body – prevents hypercalcemia (causes removal of excess calcium in the blood to be stored in the bones)

19. Watch Youtube Video Thyroid Animation…. https://youtu.be/qjHwOnV9K8A

20. Parathyroid Glands 4 glands size of a grain of rice
Attached to posterior thyroid
Produce parathormone which helps control blood calcium, prevents hypocalcemia (causes breakdown of bone to release calcium into the blood)

21. Watch Youtube Video Parathyroid & hyperparathyroid…. https://youtu

22. Thymus Gland Endocrine and lymphatic organ
Behind (posterior) sternum, above and in front of heart
Begins to disappear at puberty
Produces Thymosin – reacts upon lymphoid tissue to produce T-lymphocytes (plays a role in development & function of immune system)

23. Pancreas Located in abdominal cavity below the stomach
Works as an Endocrine and Exocrine Gland
(as Exocrine gland it is part of digestive system)
Contains Islets of Langerhans – Which produces Insulin
(Insulin promotes utilization of glucose by the cells-which lowers blood sugar levels)
….so, what happens after a fatty meal???

24. Watch Youtube Video Pancreas……. https://youtu.be/1l2GTGEwZOY

25. Adrenal Glands Adrenal Glands – above kidneys
Adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory hormones) and small amt sex hormones which are called Androgens – (“Male sex hormones” in both sexes)
Adrenalin (epinephrine) – hormone from adrenal medulla, powerful cardiac stimulant, “fight or flight” hormone – response to stress
Adrenal Medulla also secretes norepinephrine – increases BP and heart rate and constricts blood vessels.

26. Watch Youtube Video Adrenal Glands……. https://youtu.be/06jbq3bxKE0

27. Gonads-ovaries in female and testes in male
OVARIES: Produces Estrogen – Development of female reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics (breasts, pubic hair, menstrual cycle)
&
Produces Progesterone – Plays a part in the menstrual cycle
TESTES: Male Reproductive Organs- Produces Testosterone – Develops secondary sex characteristics (chest & pubic hair, deep voice, increased muscle mass)

28. Watch Youtube Video …..

29. Endocrine Disorders – Dwarfism- All dwarfs are short (adult height of 4 feet 10 inches or less), but different types of dwarfism have different causes and different physical traits.
-Hypofunction of
pituitary in childhood
-Small size, but body proportions and intellect normal ……..People with achondroplasia have an average-size torso (the upper body) but noticeably shorter arms and legs. Their heads are usually larger than average, with a prominent forehead. Their fingers are typically short.
-Sexual immaturity
Rx – Early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone

30. Gigantism Gigantism : Hyperfunction of pituitary –
Too much growth hormone
In preadolescence causing Overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness

31. Watch Youtube Video Gigantism…… https://youtu.be/Rf-lcBzZwC4

32. Acromegaly
Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone in adulthood
Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and feet. Attacks cartilage – so the chin protrudes - lips, nose and extremities enlarge.
Rx – drugs to inhibit growth hormone – radiation

33. Acromegaly
Before
After

34. Acromegaly

35. Watch Youtube Video Acromegaly https://youtu.be/1MJTkz02SaM

36. Watch Youtube Video

37. Hyperthyroidism Overactive thyroid gland
Too much thyroxin leads to enlargement of gland
Symptoms – Consuming large quantities of food but lose weight – nervous irritability-
Goiter – Enlargement of gland &
Exophthalmos – Bulging of eyeballs
Trt – Partial or total removal of gland, drugs to reduce that include thyroxine radiation

38. Hypothyroidism Not enough thyroxine
May be due to lack of iodine (causing a simple goiter which is when gland enlarges to compensate for lack of iodine in diet) – fixed with iodized salt
Other cause – inflammation of thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine
Symptoms – Dry, itchy skin; dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night.

39. Watch Youtube Video Hyperthyroidism vs Hypothyroidism…. https://youtu

40. Tetany- tonic muscle spasms
In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium levels affect functions of nerves causing spasms or twitching of the nerves
Symptoms – Convulsive twitching or seizures develop, person can die of spasms in the respiratory muscles
Rx – Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone.

41. Watch Youtube Video Tetany…hypocalcemia https://youtu.be/hOzOCNCfa_Y

42. Cushings Syndrom….

43. Watch Youtube Video Cushings Symdrom…. https://youtu.be/xwblUKoRMbA

44. Addison’s Disease
Adrenal glands don’t produce enough cortisol or aldosterone (steroid hormones)
Sxs – muscle weakness, darkening of skin (hyperpigmentation), salt craving, irritability, hair loss, depression, weight loss, n/v/d, hypoglycemia, low BP
Steroid abuse = liver damage, heart disease, testicular changes, breast growth in males

45. Watch Youtube Video Addison’s Disease…. https://youtu.be/qqgIYDKd75E

46. Watch Youtube Video

47. Watch Youtube Video Diabetes….. https://youtu.be/4EEtubB74lM

48. Diabetes Mellitus Cause – Decreased secretion of insulin
Symptoms – Polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic muscles.
If not treated, excess glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) and secreted in urine (glycosuria)
If too much insulin given, blood sugar can get too low (hypoglycemia) and person can develop insulin shock.
Type II diabetes is not insulin-dependent – Most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, usually treated with diet.
Test for diabetes – Blood sample at home, normal blood sugar is mg. – screening=urinalysis (to check for sugar in urine)

49. Hyperglycemia (High Blood Glucose)
Causes: Too much food, too little insulin or diabetes medicine, illness or stress.
Onset: Gradual, may progress to diabetic coma.
Symptoms: Extreme thirst, frequent urination, dry skin, hunger, blurred vision, drowsiness, and nausea.
What can you do? Take blood glucose tests, and if over 250 mg/dL for several tests, call your doctor.

50. Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Glucose)
Causes: Too little food, too much insulin or diabetes medicine, or extra exercise.
Onset: Suddon, may progress to insulin shock.
Symptoms: Shaking, fast heartbeat, sweating, anxious, dizziness, hunger, impaired vision, weakness fatigue, headache, and irritablility.
What can you do? Drink ½ glass of orange juice or skim milk, or eat several hard candies, test your blood glucose; if symptoms don’t stop call your doctor, within 30 minutes after symptoms go away, eat a light snack (a ½ peanut butter or meat sandwich and a ½ glass of mik.

51. Watch Youtube Video Diabetes…. https://youtu.be/NazZCu1lwOE

52. Endocrine Terminology
1. Thyroxine – Regulates body metabolism
2. Adrenalin – Stimulates the heart to beat faster
3. Parathyroid – Regulates use of calcium
4. Parathormone – Control use of calcium phosphorus
5. Insulin – Secreted by pancreas
6. Calcitonin – Affects neuromuscular functioing, blood clotting, and holds cells together
7. Estrogen – Governs reproduction and fertility
8. Oxytocin – Causes the uterus to contract during labor
9. Gonad – Sex gland
10. ATCH – Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland
11. Acromegaly – Enlargement of bones of the extremities.
12. Adenectomy – Removal of any gland.

53. Endocrine Terminology Cont.
13. Adrenogenic – Originating in the adrenals.
14. Dwarfism – Condition of being abnormally small.
15. Endocrine – Ductless; to secrete within.
16. Exocrine – To secrete through a duct.
17.Goiter – Enlarged thyroid gland.
18. Goitrogens – Any substance that causes a goiter.
19. Parathyrotoxicosis – Poisonous condition of the parathyroid.
20. Pinealoma – Tumor of the pineal gland.
21. Pituitarigenic – Originating in the pituitary.
22. Thyroadenitis – Inflammation of the thyroid gland.

54. Watch Youtube Video Crashcourse- Review Endocrine System…