1. Endocrine Disorders

2. Gigantism Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone
In preadolescent – overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness.

3. Acromegaly
Hyperfunction of pituitary –too much growth hormone in adulthood
Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and feet
Attacks cartilage – so the chin protrudes, lips, nose and extremities enlarge
RX- drugs to inhibit growth hormone, radiation

4. Dwarfism Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood
Small size, but body proportions and intellect are normal
Sexual immaturity
RX- early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone.

5. Hyperthyroidism Overactive thyroid gland
Too much thyroxine secreted leading to enlargement of gland, person has nervous irritability
People with this disease consume large quantities of food but lose body fat and weight
Most pronounced symptoms are enlargement of gland (GOITER) and bulging of eyeballs (EXOPHTHALMOS) Rx – total or partial removal of thyroid gland, drugs or reduce thyroxine, radiation

6. Hypothyroidism Not enough thyroxine secreted
May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter)
Major cause of other types is inflammation of thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine
Symptoms – dry and itchy skin, dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night

7. Tetany
In hypoparathyroidism decreased calcium levels affect function of nerves
Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles
RX – vitamin D, calcium and parathormone

8. Diabetes Mellitus Caused by ↓ secretion of insulin
Can be insulin dependent (juvenile) or non insulin dependent
Symps- polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic coma
If not treated, excess glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) and glucose secreted in urine (glycosuria)
Since glucose not available for cellular oxidation, body starts to burn up protein and fat
If too much insulin is given, blood sugar may go too low (hypoglycemia→ insulin shock)
If blood sugar gets too high-hyperglycemia→ diabetic coma
Type II (non-insulin dependent) is most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, control with oral hypoglycemia drugs and diet
Tests for Diabetes –blood sample measured in glucometer done by patient in home- normal blood sugar mgms
Urinalysis is a simple test used to diagnose diabetes

10. Disorders of the Endocrine System
Before
Cushing's Syndrome
Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the body's tissues to high levels of the hormone cortisol. Sometimes called "hypercortisolism," it is relatively rare and most commonly affects adults aged 20 to 50. An estimated 10 to 15 of every million people are affected each year.
After
What are the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?
Symptoms vary, but most people have upper body obesity, rounded face, increased fat around the neck, and thinning arms and legs. Children tend to be obese with slowed growth rates.

11. Many people suffer the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome because they take glucocorticoid hormones such as prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and other inflammatory diseases, or for immunosuppression after transplantation.
Pituitary adenomas cause most cases of Cushing's syndrome. They are benign, or non-cancerous, tumors of the pituitary gland which secrete increased amounts of ACTH. Most patients have a single adenoma. This form of the syndrome, known as "Cushing's disease," affects women five times more frequently than men.

12. Addison's disease
Addison's disease is an endocrine or hormonal disorder that occurs in all age groups and afflicts men and women equally.
What is the cause of Addison’s disease?
What are the most common symptoms of Addison’s disease?
The disease is characterized by weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, and sometimes darkening of the skin in both exposed and nonexposed parts of the body.
How is Addison’s disease treated?
Treatment of Addison's disease involves replacing, or substituting, the hormones that the adrenal glands are not making. Cortisol is replaced orally with hydrocortisone tablets, a synthetic glucocorticoid, taken once or twice a day. If aldosterone is also deficient, it is replaced with oral doses of a mineralocorticoid called fludrocortisone acetate (Florinef), which is taken once a day.

13. Steroid Abuse in Sports
What are the risks?
Males
These effects can cause any or all of the following problems in men:
Temporary infertility or sterility (reversible)
Altered sex drive
Prostate enlargement, and increased prostate cancer risk
Irreversible breast enlargement
Painful erections
Shrinkage of the testicles
Reduced levels of testosterone
Abnormal sperm production
Increased levels of estrogen

14. Females
Increased risk of cervical and endometrial cancer
Increased risk of osteoporosis
Temporary infertility or sterility (reversible)
Altered sex drive
Birth defects in future children
Changes in fat distribution
Growth of facial and body hair
Deepening of the voice
Shrinkage of the breasts and uterus
Clitoral enlargement
Menstrual irregularity
Changes in the male reproductive system are often reversible, if anabolic steroids have not been abused for a long period of time. Unfortunately, some of the changes in women are NOT reversible.
Prolonged abuse of anabolic steroids very often results in physical addiction. Abusers must undergo a strict, medically-supervised withdrawal program.