The Animal Kingdom An Overview

How many organisms are there in the world?

1.5 million known species on earth 250,000 plants 750,000 insects 43,000 vertebrates 4200 mammals 9000 birds 6300 reptiles 4200 amphibians 18,000 bony fishes 900 cartilaginous fishes and jawless fishes

Classification System Why classify organisms? Method of organizing creatures into some meaningful pattern Current method uses similar shared observable characteristics that are unique to that group of organisms (phenetic scheme)

What do these animals have in common? Why classify bats and hummingbirds together but not include dragonflies?

Classification System 5 Kingdom System Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Kingdoms Shared characteristics among Kingdoms All are made up of cells All have DNA with the same genetic code

KPCOFGS Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

What are species? What are genera? What are kingdoms?

Pinyon mouse, Peromyscus truei What are Species? Interbreeding organisms that do not ordinarily breed with members of other groups Morphologically similar Pinyon mouse, Peromyscus truei

Deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus What are Genera? An inclusive group of similar species, usually with anatomical similarities What differences/similarities do you see in the morphology of these 2 species? Deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus Pinyon mouse, Peromyscus truei Genus = Peromyscus

What are Kingdoms? Major unit of biological classification

KPCOFGS Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

KPCOFGS Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae Genus: Corvus Species: brachyrhynchos

American crow Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (with backbones) Class: Aves (birds) Order: Passeriformes (songbirds) Family: Corvidae (crows, jays) Genus: Corvus Species: brachyrhynchos

Corvus brachyrhynchus Why Latin? “Dead” language – no changes being made; it is not in use today Common names are often shared among several species; may differ from region to region; may not be understood in different cultures Assures a unique name for each species

Lasionycteris noctivagans Nocti = nocturnal Vagans = wanderer Nyct = night, nocturnal Lasio = ?? “wanderer at night” Silver-haired bat

KPCOFGS Acronym? Develop an acronym to remember how to classify an organism.

Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand KPCOFGS Acronym: Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand

Classification System 5 Kingdom System Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Differences among Kingdoms Monera: Prokaryotic cell structure Protista: Eukaryotic cells, unicellular Fungi: Eukaryotic cells, chitinous cell wall, no chloroplasts, multicellular, heterotrophic Plantae: Eukaryotic cells, cell wall, cellulose, chloroplasts, multicellular, autotrophic Animalia: Eukaryotic cells, no cell wall, multicellular

Fill in the diagram Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell Type Chloroplasts Cell Wall Nutrition Unicellularity

Kingdom Overview Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Kingdom Monera

Monera Among the first forms of life over 3.5 billion years ago Cyanobacteria contributed to formation of our oxygen atmosphere by photosynthesis. fossil cyanobacteria http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanofr.html

Kingdom Monera Include eubacteria and archaebacteria (?) Most abundant/diverse kingdom Prokaryotic organisms ONLY KINGDOM lacking an organized nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Nostoc (cyanobacterium)

Monera Eubacteria (“True bacteria”) have 3 methods of energy acquisition Chemosynthetic bacteria: autotrophic, obtain energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds (ammonia, sulfur) Photosynthetic bacteria: autotrophic, obtain energy from sunlight and convert to carbohydrate energy Heterotrophic bacteria: saprophytes and symbionts

Monera Archea Oldest and most primitive organisms known Life’s extremists, occupying environments that “normal” organisms find too harsh 3 types methanogens, halophiles, thermacidophiles thermacidophile example: lives in heated acid springs, mud pots, soil and can take temps of 60 to 95 C and pH of 1 to 5.

Monera – Roles in Ecosystem Can cause disease Lyme disease, strep throat, syphilis Photosynthesis and oxygen production Food source Nutrient transfer (convert inert N to organic forms useable by plants) Decomposition Saprophytic (decompose dead tissue) Symbiotic (live within a host multicellular organism) Some oil deposits attributed to cyanobacteria Spirulina Lyme disease – carried by mammals and birds, transmitted by ticks to humans Many heterotrophic bacteria also cause diseases such as strep throat, rheumatic fever, cholera, gonorrhea, syphilis, and toxic shock syndrome. Bacteria can cause disease by destroying cells, releasing toxins, contaminating food, or by the reaction of the body to the infecting bacteria. Bacterial infections can be controlled by vaccinations and antibiotic treatments. Antibiotics interfere with some aspect of the replication of bacteria, and are produced by microorganisms such as fungi, that compete with bacteria for resources. Penicillin, the first antibiotic discovered, inhibits the synthesis of new cell walls in certain types of bacteria. However, the overuse of antibiotics during the past fifty years has led to natural selection favoring antibiotic resistance. There are reportedly more than 50 strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria, necessitating the development of new antibiotics and the frequent change of antibiotics in treatment.

Kingdom Protista

Protista Protozoans and mostly unicellular algae Heterotrophic and autotrophic Occur in freshwater, saltwater, soil Because of tremendous diversity, classification of the Protista is difficult. Euglena, diatoms, paramecium paramecium

Protista Protozoa Algae Slime molds?? Single-celled, motile, heterotrophic Digest food by engulfing, breaking down, and absorbing it Algae Single-celled to colonial Diatoms, golden brown algae, dinoflagellates, red algae, brown algae, green algae Subdivided by type of photosynthetic pigment Slime molds?? Eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants! Euglena, diatoms, paramecium

Protista: Tremendous diversity – unicellular and multicellular, heterotrophic and autotrophic, variety of photosynthetic pigments http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_3.html

Protista – Roles in Ecosystem Photosynthesis and oxygen production Food source (brown, red, green algae) Animal feed, fertilizers Algae sheets used in some Japanese dishes Additive to puddings, ice cream, salad dressing, candy (carrageenan and alginate) Can cause disease Avian malaria, human malaria, amoebic dysentery

Protista and Red Tides Population explosion of dinoflagellates Neurotoxin released Shellfish concentrate toxin Humans can be killed by eating shellfish contaminated by toxin http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/hab/rtphotos/noctiluca.jpg

Kingdom Fungi

Fungi Mushrooms, blights, rusts, molds >60,000 species Heterotrophic Chitinous cell wall Symbiotic 2 or more organisms live together in close association Mostly multicellular Yeasts are unicellular Fungi, lichens

Fungi 4 taxonomic divisions: Zygomycota (<1000 species) Ascomycota (30,000 species: yeasts and fungi) Basidiomycota (mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs) Deuteromycota Fungi, lichens http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/forsite/Paul/paul1.htm

Fungi Hyphae = filaments make up the body of a fungus Collectively, hyphae are called mycelium Cell walls contain chitin Absorptive heterotrophs Break down food by secreting digestive enzymes onto substrate then absorbing food molecules Hyphae have small volume, large surface area so enhance absorptive capacity Fungi, lichens

Fungi – Roles in Ecosystem Food source Mushrooms, truffles, morels Fungal colonies in cheeses give them their flavor Beer and wine produced with yeasts Antibiotics Crop parasites Cause loss of food plants, spoilage, infectious disease Claviceps purpurea causes a crop disease called wild ergot (natural source for LSD) Dutch elm disease and Chestnut blight American chestnut, late 1800s Claviceps purpurea

Caribou feeding on lichens Benefit wildlife Food, nest sites, hiding cover Lichen pictured is a favorite of caribou. Lacewing using lichen to camoflage (http://www.lichen.com/animals.html) Caribou feeding on lichens

Fungi – Roles in Ecosystem Symbiosis - mutualism Lichens (fungus+alga) Mycorrhizae Symbiosis – 2 or more species live together in close association Mutualism = both benefit Lichen = algae + fungi Mycorrhizae – fungus + plant, fungus helps with water absorption, ion transfer; tree supplies fungus with food (carbohydrates) Lichens are a symbiosis between a photosynthetic organism (alga or cyanobacterium) and a fungus (sac or club). Mycorrhizae are fungi (usually a zygomycete or basidiomycete) symbiotic with the roots of plants. Both relationships are mutualistic: both parties benefit. Fungi provide nutrients from the substrate, the phototroph provides food. Plants with mycorrhizae grow better: the plant gets nutrients from the fungus in exchange for carbohydrates. The word "mycorrhizae" literally means "fungus-roots" and defines the close mutually beneficial relationship between specialized soil fungi (mycorrhizal fungi) and plant roots. About 95% of the world’s land plants form the mycorrhizal relationship in their native habitats. It is estimated that mycorrhizal fungal filaments explore hundreds to thousands more soil volume compared to roots alone. Benefits include: Improved nutrient and water uptake Improved root growth Improved plant growth and yield Improved disease resistance Reduced transplant shock Reduced drought stress http://www.mycorrhizae.com/WhatAreMyco.php Lichen Mycorrhizal fungi

Mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants See picture of mycorrhizal pine seedlings growing in a glass box. Miles of white fungal filaments radiate from the root system of these little trees

Effects of mycorrhizal fungi on trees http://www.mycorrhizae.com/pine-outplant-study.php

Kingdom Plantae

Plants >300,000 known species Multicellular phototrophs Cell wall with cellulose 2 groups Nonvascular (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses) Vascular (common plants like pines, ferns, corn, and oaks) Fungi, lichens

Plants Nonvascular plants Vascular plants Small (lack of conducting cells keeps them <5” high) First evolved approximately 500 million years ago, likely were the earliest land plants Vascular plants Have specialized transporting cells Xylem (for transporting water and mineral nutrients Phloem (for transporting sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant) http://waynesword.palomar.edu/bryoph1.htm Fungi, lichens

Plants – Roles in Ecosystem American chestnut, late 1800s Food source Generate oxygen Provide habitat for humans and wildlife List 3 functional roles that plants play in your life.

Kingdom Animalia

Big-brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus Animals Big-brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus Multicellular heterotrophs No cell wall External or internal skeletons for support Skin to reduce muscle loss Muscles for moving to find food Brains, nervous system for integration of signals Internal digestive systems Fungi, lichens

Animals - Feeding Strategies Heterotrophs Herbivores – eat plants Granivores – eat seeds Frugivores – eat fruits Foliovores – eat leaves Carnivores – eat other animals Piscivores – eat fish

Invertebrates & Vertebrates Animals – 2 main groups Invertebrates & Vertebrates

Animals - Invertebrates Phylum Proifera Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Mollusca Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Arthropoda

Animals - Invertebrates Phylum Proifera Sponges, primitive filter feeders Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, corals, sea anemones Phylum Mollusca Bivalves - scallops, oysters, mussels, clams Gastropods – snails, slugs Cephalopods – squids, octopi Phylum Echinodermata Sea urchins and sea stars Phylum Arthropoda Spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects, millipedes, and more

Animals - Vertebrates 50,000 vertebrates 2 groups Jawless forms (Class Agnatha) Hagfishes, lampreys Jawed forms – most of the animals we know Condrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes, sharks, rays Osteichthyes – bony fishes Amphibia – salamanders, frogs, toads Reptilia – snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles Aves – birds Mammalia - mammals

1. Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic Cells Monera from all other kingdoms This characteristic separates which kingdoms?

2. Unicellular v Multicellular Monera and Protista from Fungi, Plantae, Animalia multicellular animal cell unicellular bacteria cell This characteristic separates which kingdoms?

3. Cell Wall This characteristic separates which kingdoms? Animalia from Plantae and Fungi This characteristic separates which kingdoms?

4. Chloroplasts This characteristic separates which kingdoms? Presence of chloroplasts separates Plantae from Fungi (fungi are white) This characteristic separates which kingdoms?

5. Chitin v. Cellulose Inflexible, tough, insoluble in water chitin Cell wall in plants is cellulose-based, in fungi it is chitin-based. Both substances are inflexible, tough, and insoluble in water. Cellulose = polymer of D-glucose. Cellulose and chitin are very similar, differing only in chitin having a nitrogen-containing group in place of cellulose’s hydroxyl group (OH). Also forms part of the hard outer covering of insects cellulose

6. Heterotropic v Autotrophic Autotrophic = “self-feeding” Create food through photosynthesis Heterotrophic = “other feeding” Must absorb food Can grow through or on a substrate, break down the substrate, absorb nutrients Autotrophic = Plantae Heterotrophic = Fungi, Animalia Heterotrophic and Autotrophic = Monera, Protista This characteristic separates which kingdoms?