UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY AREA OF STUDY 2 LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT PAGE 162-209

THEORIES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT MORAL DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Eleanor Gibson John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth & Harry Harlow Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg Erik Erikson KK 3 - PAGE 162-209

PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT (Eleanor Gibson) KEY PROCESSES Role of the infant as an ‘active explorer’ Affordances – what the environment offers an animal, and what it provides. Perceived and actual properties of something in the environment that suggest how it should be used Differentiation – the ability to selectively perceive differences between things in the environment KK 3A - PAGE 163-166

HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.1 (pg.166) KK 3A - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.1 (PAGE 166)

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT (JOHN BOWLBY) ATTACHMENT THEORY The tendency of infants to form an emotional bond to another person 4 Key characteristics Proximity maintenance Safe haven Secure base Separation distress KK 3B - PAGE 167-170

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT (MARY AINSWORTH) Indicators of Attachment crying to attract caregiver’s attention or when held by someone else Clinging physically to caregiver Smiling at caregiver more readily Lifting arms to be picked up by caregiver TYPES OF ATTACHMENT SECURE ATTACHMENT AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT RESISTANT ATTACHMENT KK 3B - PAGE 171-173

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT (MARY AINSWORTH) STRANGE SITUATION TEST (1978) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnFKaaOSPmk KK 3B - PAGE 171-175

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT (HARRY HARLOW) HARLOW’S EXPERIMENTS ON ATTACHMENT IN MONKEYS (1958) Watch the following clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_O60TYAIgC4 Also, check out Figure 5.19: Harlow’s 1958 experiment (pg.177) KK 3B - PAGE 175-179

HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.3 (pg.170) LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.8 (pg.175) KK 3B - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.3 (PAGE 170) KK 3B - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.8 (PAGE 175) KK 3B - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.9 (PAGE 175) KK 3B - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.10 (PAGE 179)

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (JEAN PIAGET) Piaget’s four-stage theory Sensorimotor stage (0-2 Years) Pre-operational stage (2-7 Years) Concrete Operational stage (7-12 Years) Formal operational Stage (12+ Years) KK 3C - PAGE 181-189

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (JEAN PIAGET) 1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2 Years) Object Permanence = the understanding that objects still exist even if they cannot be seen or touched Goal-Directed Behaviour = behaviour which is carried out with a particular purpose in mind KK 3C - PAGE 181-182

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (JEAN PIAGET) 2. Preoperational stage (2-7 Years) Egocentrism = unable or have difficulty seeing things from another person’s perspective Animism = the belief that everything that exists has some kind of consciousness/awareness Transformation = understanding that something can change from one state to another Centration = can focus on only one quality or feature of an object at a time Reversibility = the ability to follow a line of reasoning back to its original starting point KK 3C - PAGE 182-184

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (JEAN PIAGET) 3. Concrete Operational stage (7-12 Years) Conservation = an object does not change its weight, mass, volume or area when the object changes its shape or appearance Classification = the ability to organise information into categories based on common features KK 3C - PAGE 186-187

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (JEAN PIAGET) 4. Formal Operational stage (12+ Years) Abstract Thinking = does not rely on being able to see or visualise things in order to understand concepts Logical Thinking = develop strategies to solve problems, identify solutions, develop hypotheses and test solutions KK 3C - PAGE 188-189

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (JEAN PIAGET) CRITICISMS OF PIAGET’S THEORY KK 3C - PAGE 190

HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.13 (pg.182) KK 3C - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.13 (PAGE 182) KK 3C - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.15 (PAGE 186) KK 3C - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.17 (PAGE 189) KK 3C - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.20 (PAGE 190) HOMEWORK

MORAL DEVELOPMENT (LAWRENCE KOHLBERG) KK 3E - PAGE 191-198

MORAL DEVELOPMENT (LAWRENCE KOHLBERG) Kohlberg used both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to test people of different ages in relation to their moral reasoning He found the following 3 distinct broad levels of moral development… PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL (0-9 years) CONVENTIONAL LEVEL (9-15 years) POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL (16+ years) KK 3E - PAGE 191-195

MORAL DEVELOPMENT (LAWRENCE KOHLBERG) 1. PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL (0-9 years) Stage 1 – Obedience & Punishment orientation Stage 2 – Naively Egotistical orientation KK 3E - PAGE 192-193

MORAL DEVELOPMENT (LAWRENCE KOHLBERG) 2. CONVENTIONAL LEVEL (9-15 years) Stage 1 – Good boy / Nice girl orientation Stage 2 – Law & Social Order orientation KK 3E - PAGE 193

MORAL DEVELOPMENT (LAWRENCE KOHLBERG) 3. POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL (16+ years) Stage 1 – Legalistic-Social-Contract orientation Stage 2 – Universal-Ethical orientation KK 3E - PAGE 194

HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.22 (pg.196) KK 3E - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.22 (PAGE 196) KK 3E - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.24 (PAGE 197) KK 3E - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.26 (PAGE 197) KK 3E - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.27 (PAGE 198) HOMEWORK

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ERIK ERIKSON) = Psychological Processes + Environment KK 3D - PAGE 199

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ERIK ERIKSON) At each lifespan stage, an individual has to deal with a different psycho-social crisis Stage Age Period Psycho-Social Crisis 1 0-18 months Early Infancy Trust vs. Mistrust 2 18 months - 3 years Late Infancy Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt 3 3 – 5 years Early Childhood Initiative vs. Guilt 4 5 – 12 years Middle/Late Childhood Industry vs. Inferiority 5 12 – 18 years Adolescence Identity vs. Identity Confusion 6 18 – 25 years Young Adulthood Intimacy vs. Isolation 7 25 – 65 years Adulthood Generativity vs. Stagnation 8 65+ years Late Adulthood Integrity vs. Despair KK 3D - PAGE 199-207

HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.28 (pg.200) KK 3D - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.28 (PAGE 200) KK 3D - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.30 (PAGE 207) HOMEWORK

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ERIK ERIKSON) CRITICISMS OF ERIKSON’S THEORY KK 3D - PAGE 208

HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.31 (pg.208) KK 3D - LEARNING ACTIVITY 5.31 (PAGE 208) HOMEWORK

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY SAC 1 EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ACTIVITY Investigation Into the Theories of Psychological Development AREA OF STUDY 2: LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT KK 3 - UNIT 1 AOS 2 – SAC 1 Investigation Into The Theories Of Psychological Development Empirical Research Activity