1.The features of the International Workingmen’s Association (London) by Marx from 1864 to 1876: a.To overthrow the capitalist system; b.The general council moved from UK to US and dissolved in 1876; 2.Features of the International Socialist Bureau (Brussels) by Eduard Bernstein from 1899 to 1920: a.To revise Marxist idea of revolution by parliamentary democracy; b.from socialists to nationalists in war;

3.Features of the Third Communist International by Lenin in 1919: to promote world communist revolution on the Russian Communist model. It quickly became a tool of Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin closed it in 1943 as a political concession to his western allies during World War II.

4.What were the features of the western socialist movement or social-democratism? a.state ownership and control of the fundamental means of production and distribution of wealth, by reconstruction of the existing capitalist/other political system of a country by peaceful, democratic, and parliamentary means. b.social security system-a result

c.anti-Soviet Russia since 20th & anti-fascism in World War II; d.Post-War socialists supported the American-initiated European Recovery Program and NATO; e.the Socialist International was organized in 1953, in Frankfurt with members of such names as Socialist Party, Social Democrat, Christian Socialist Party, Islamic Socialist Party, Socialist Labor Party, and Labor Party;

After the death of Marx in 1883, many socialists differed on how to realize Marx’s communism. Rosa Luxemburg (middle) traveled to Warsaw, Poland, to participate in the 1905 Russian Revolution. Bernstein (right) believed communism would evolve naturally, without revolution. Kautsky (left), adopted more liberal views in maintaining the purity of Marxism.

Salvador Allende, the first Socialist president of Chile, addresses the United Nations General Assembly in 1972. Allende’s regime, weak at the outset because of factionalism among his supporters, was eventually toppled by a military coup. In his 3-years office (1970–1973), he instituted several social reforms never before attempted in the history of Chile. His government nationalized various industries and tried to improve the life of workers that included improving the quantity and quality of social service programs. He also increased the rate of expropriating征用 farmland begun by the previous regime.

1. Realism in art and literature: a 1.Realism in art and literature: a.To describe a work of art, has often simply meant that “ugly” objects or figures are represented, as opposed to those considered “beautiful.” b.Frequently used to describe scenes of humble life, the term implies a criticism of social conditions. 2. Realism in philosophy--the doctrine that ordinary objects, such as tables and chairs, have an existence in- dependent of their being perceived.

3.Naturalism in literature:the theory that differs from realism in adding an amoral attitude to the objective presentation of life. Naturalistic writers regard human behavior as controlled by instinct, emotion, or social & economic conditions, reject free will, and adopt the biological determinism of Charles Darwin and the economic determinism of Marx. 4.Naturalism in philosophy:reality only understood by scientific investigation.