1. Opposition to Tsarism pre-WW1
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Revolutionary Ideas, Groups & Individuals

2. Narodniks
Proletariat
People’s Will
Communism
Marxism
Class struggle
Liberalism
Populism
Socialism
Bourgeoisie

3. Rising discontent… …what was upsetting people so much
Rising discontent… …what was upsetting people so much? …what was so difficult about life at the time? …why was it getting worse? …who wanted change? …why?

4. Rising discontent prior to 1914 – Internal Divisions
There were people from all classes who wanted change
Some, called liberals, wanted an elected parliament to pass laws to make Russia up-to-date & modern.
Others wanted more drastic change to spread wealth more evenly and completely alter way in which Russia was run
Social discontent re: living and working conditions
Peasants
Urban workers
Class divisions – inequalities
Political discontent
Autocracy / lack of political representation
Lack of reform / Tsar’s rigid adherence to autocracy
Inequalities – political power
All combined to create an atmosphere that fomented alternative political ideas and a desire for change – some minor, some radical
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5. Revolutionary Ideas pre-1914
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Revolutionary Ideas pre-1914
autocracy**, liberalism, socialism, Marxism, Communism

6. Socialism
ANARCHISM
Populism
Liberalism
Nihilism
Leninism
Marxism
Communism

7. Anarchism COPY DOWN TITLE ONLY
A left-wing political ideology supporting the removal or destruction of government through random acts of violence.
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8. Populism COPY DOWN TITLE ONLY
Aimed to socialise rural society & free peasants from oppression of their masters.
Based on type of agrarian socialism – centered around the peasants & the mir (Village)
Advocated political change through revolution – overthrow of the tsarist regime & its replacement with a democratic republic.
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9. Revolutionary ideas
Liberalism
Socialism
Marxism
Communism
FOR now COPY THESE DOWN IN YOUR BOOK UNDER THE HEADING Revolutionary ideas as we go

10. Liberalism COPY ME DOWN
Idea that the dire need for change in Russia did not require an overthrow of the entire tsarist system.
Called for reform rather than revolution.
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11. Socialism
a way of organizing a society in which major industries are owned and controlled by the government rather than by individual people and companies
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12. Marxism

13. Marxism COPY ME DOWN Based on ideas and theories of Karl Marx
Marx believed that the ideal type of society was a classless society - communist
He believed that history was a series of struggles between different social classes – the exploited classes and the exploiters – and that, ultimately, the class struggle would end when society reached the socialist / communist stage.
Class struggle is inevitable and is needed to create historical change and capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism
Revolution is necessary to push society along the path to communism
There would be no more classes, no need for a state, and society would be based on the principle of ‘from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs’ and a communist society would emerge

14. Revolutions from a Marxist perspective

15. Communism
Political and economic system in which major productive resources in a society – such as mines, factories & farms – are owned by the public or the state (government) and wealth is divided equally among citizens or according to need.
Term refers to the ideal type of society envisioned by Karl Marx – classless society.
Attempts at forming communist states were made in Russia, China and other countries in the 20th century.
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16. Add each of the Revolutionary ideas to your glossary
HOMEWORK:
Add each of the Revolutionary ideas to your glossary

17. Revolutionary / Opposition groups
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18. Opposition groups & political parties
Some were revolutionary movements – wanted to bring down govt. using terrorism
Populist movements like the People’s Will (Narodnaya Volya), planned to bring down govt. through terrorist acts (1881 – managed to assassinate Tsar Alexander II)
Some did not want to destroy the govt., just wanted more parliamentary style system.
Liberals, came mainly from middle classes. Wanted political reform not revolution, wanted parliamentary style system that would reduce tsar’s power, turn him into constitutional monarch.
Towards end of 19thC / early 20thC new revolutionary parties emerged – centered around ideas of Karl Marx Karl Marx.
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19. Opposition groups & political parties
Nihilists
Populists → People’s Will
Kadets
Anarchists
Octobrists
Socialist Revolutionary Party
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party → Bolsheviks & Mensheviks

21. Revolutionary Leaders & Figures

22. … Karl Marx Leon Trotsky Vladimir Lenin Julius Martov VICTOR CHERNOV
ALEXANDER KERENSKY …

23. Vladimir Lenin & Leninism

24. Leninism
Vladimir Lenin was influenced by & followed many of the ideas of Karl Marx.
However, he also added to & modified the theories of Marxism, Socialism & Communism to explain what he believed should be done in Russia.
His revolutionary philosophies are referred to as Marxism- Leninism.
L believed there needed to be a small revolutionary party of professional, dedicated revolutionaries to lead the revolution. This party would act as the vanguard of the working class who would not attain a revolutionary consciousness without the party’s guidance.

25. Ideas - autocracy, liberalism, socialism, Marxism, Communism
Groups – nobility, intelligentsia, Social Democrats, Bolsheviks/Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, Constitutional Democrats

26. Revolutionary groups
Read p of your text book
Answer q. 1-3