CRISIS Committee of Public Safety (1793-1794) Revolutionary tribunals – trial and execution Consisted of 12 members Included: DANTON & ROBESPIERRE GOAL: “Crush enemies of the Revolution” WHO WERE THE ENEMIES? LAW OF SUSPECTS (Sept. 17, 1793) Conscription of anyone 18-25 yrs old Levée en masse - Army of 1 million to fight! EQUALITY IN THE MILITARY!

CRISIS Counter-revolutionary uprisings Brutally suppressed by Robespierre

RADICALS IN CONTROL Maximillian Robespierre (1758-1794) “Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible” Goerges Jacques Danton (1759-1794) “Revolutions cannot be made with rose water” Jean Paul Marat (1744-1793) “Five or six hundred heads cut off would have assured your repose, freedom, happiness”

RELIGIOUS TERROR DE-CHRISTIANIZATION Jacques Hébert (1757-1794) ROOT OF THE PROBLEMS = CHURCH DESTROY THE CHURCH Religion = ENEMY OF THE REVOLUTION Remove street names with “Saint” Banned religious ceremonies, dress Destroyed statues Notre Dame Cathedral (TEMPLE OF REASON) GOAL: STAMP OUT CHRISTIANITY

RELIGIOUS TERROR New Republican Calendar Sept. 22, 1792 = Day 1, Year 1 Months based on REASON = named after seasons 30 DAYS IN MONTH 10 DAYS IN WEEK New Secular Holidays: Hatred of Traitors and Tyrants, Festival of the Supreme Being GOAL: Stamp out Christianity

REPUBLICAN CALENDAR MONTH MEANING DATES Vendemaire Vintage Sept. 22-Oct. 21 Brunmaire Fog Oct. 22 – Nov. 20 Frimarie Frost Nov. 21 – Dec. 20 Nivose Snow Dec. 21 – Jan. 19 Pluviose Rain Jan. 20 – Feb. 18 Ventose Wind Feb. 19 – March 20 Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19 Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19 Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18 Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18 Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17 Fructidor Fruit August 18 – Sept. 21

RELIGIOUS TERROR CULT OF REASON REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE Festival of Supreme Being (June 8, 1794) “Cult of the Supreme Being” GUIDING PRINCIPAL - REASON Churches closed - TEMPLES OF REASON

Francesco Goya Saturn Devouring his Son (1819-23) “The revolution is about to eat its own”

Jacques Louis David The Death of Marat (1793)

Paul-Jacques-Aimé Baudry The Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday (1860)

RED TERROR! September 1793 – July 1794  in executions 40,000 people guillotined Seen as republican in nature  WHY? The “general will” of people Terror = “will” by force DANTON – October 26, 1794 TERROR ends with death of Robespierre July 27, 1794

EDMUND BURKE Irish Political Theorist, Philosopher (1729-1797) Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) Caution in political reform = gradual change over time

CONSEQUENCES Overthrow of the monarchy Weakened power and wealth of nobility Secularization of the state More equality before the law Radical reorganization of the military Prolonged instability Great Britain emerged as global superpower Rise of Napoleon

The REACTIONARY Stage

THE DIRECTORY THIRD STAGE 1795-1799 Thermidorian reaction Churches re-opened Jacobin clubs closed Politically corrupt / continued instability

THE DIRECTORY Constitution of 1795 Executive branch - Five individuals Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 1795 – inflation / bread riots “Confidence from below; authority from above” - Sieyès

THE NAPOLEONIC ERA 1799-1815

OBJECTIVES Identify NAPOLEON - the man, myth, legend Discuss Napoleon’s paradoxical rise and fall from power Enlightened? OR Despotic? Hero? OR Tyrant?

NAPOLEON BIOGRAPHY Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) (r. 1799-1815) “Little Corporal” Island of Corsica Workaholic, military genius, revolutionary leader, meglomanic

NAPOLEON TAKES POWER “I found the crown of France lying on the ground, and I picked it up with my sword” – Napoleon I

“I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos “I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution.” - Napoleon

NAPOLEON RISES TO POWER 1784 - 85 - École Militaire – French Military School (Second-Lieutenant – artillery) 1789 – French Revolution (Corsica) 1793 – Siege of Toulon - Brigadier general 1796 – Commander of the French Army in Italy 1796-1797 – Italian Campaigns 1798-99 – Egyptian Expedition

NAPOLEON MILITARY COUP November 9, 1799 18th Brumaire coup d'état – strike against the state – seizure of power 3 man executive - Consulate First Consul (1799-1804) Stability and Order New Constitution 4th since 1789 All Power to Napoleon

NAPOLEON’S CONSTITUTION Universal male suffrage (age 21) Referendum – Plebiscite “Yes” or “No” 3 House Legislature (Council, Senate, Tribune) Roman influence Senate appointed by Napoleon Plebiscite Vote – 3 million to 1500 ?????

NAPOLEON’S GOVERNMENT Council of State Proposed laws Tribune Debated laws but did not vote on them Legislature Voted on laws but did not discuss or propose them Senate Had the right to veto legislation

EMPEROR NAPOLEON 1804 – plebiscite People vote to make Napoleon EMPEROR Coronation of Napoleon and Empress Josephine Notre Dame Cathedral Seized crown from the Pope VII (r. 1800-1823)

EARLY SUCCESSES Napoleonic Code (1804) Bank of France (1800) Concordat with the Pope (1801) Legion of Honor (1802) Public Education, roads, sewer system, tax structure Careers open to talent Religious toleration Ends serfdom “Son of the revolution”

CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY Secret Police – surveillance of political dissenters Censorship – 73 newspapers to 13 Coins, engravings, histories, paintings, monuments Glorification of France and Napoleon

NAPOLEON THE CONQEROR Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) Abolished the Holy Roman Empire Continental System – blockade British goods Defeat - Prussian & Austrian Armies Conquered Italy Through treaties and force Napoleon controls ALL of Europe EXCEPT?

BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR 1805 Off the coast of Spain British fleet defeat Spanish and French British led by Horatio Nelson

PENINSULAR WAR 1808-1814 Iberian Peninsula Napoleon invades Portugal Continental system – forbade British goods “Spanish Ulcer” Napoleon’s brother = King Joseph of Spain

FALL OF NAPOLEON 1812 Russia breaks Continental System Trade w/ Great Britain Tsar Alexander I (r. 1801-1825) NAPOLEON INVADES RUSSIA

INVASION OF RUSSIA Grande Armée (500,000 – 750,000) Russia – Scorched Earth Policy Moscow burns Napoleon waits 6 weeks – RETREAT One of the greatest tactical blunders in history Grande Armée decimated – 10,000 survived?

INVASION OF RUSSIA Charles Joseph Minard

EXILE Battle of Nations (1813) Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and Russia defeat Napoleon Leipzig Abdicates throne Exiled to the Island of Elba – off the coast of Italy Napoleon escapes returns to France

PRUSSIAN General Blücher NAPOLEON DEFEAT Waterloo June 18, 1815 PRUSSIAN General Blücher BRITISH Duke of Wellington

DEATH OF NAPOLEON May 5, 1821 Age 52 Stomach Cancer? Arsenic Murder? Buried on St. Helena Body returned to Paris 1840

NAPOLEON’S TOMB Les Invalides (An va lead) 6 Coffins – iron, mahogany, lead, lead, ebony, oak Completed in 1861 Surrounded by 12 pillars of victory

“To die is nothing but to live defeated without glory is to die every day” - Napoleon

ENLIGHTENED DESPOT? Monarchs who incorporate some of the ideas of the Enlightenment as well as enhancing their own power. Which of Napoleon’s policies and accomplishments were Enlightened and which were Despotic?