Unit 2: Westward Expansion

WESTWARD MIGRATION SSUSH6 The student will analyze the nature of territorial and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation. a. Explain the Northwest Ordinance’s importance in the westward migration of Americans, and on slavery, public education, and the addition of new states. b. Describe Jefferson’s diplomacy in obtaining the Louisiana Purchase from France and the territory’s exploration by Lewis and Clark.

The ordinance was passed under the Articles of Confederation as a means of raising money for the new government It set up an orderly way of settling the new territory by dividing the area into townships Northwest Ordinance

Northwest Ordinance The Northwest Ordinance: 1-guaranteed freedom of religion, property, and trial by jury. 2-forbad slavery, beginning the division between northern and southern states 3-set aside land for the support of public education 4-set up rules for how territories could become states

What ordinances were passed to entice settlers to move into the new territory?

Education, Slavery, New States Education: Schools were seen as a place to instill “American Values.” Many states guaranteed public education in their state constitutions. Noah Webster: created 1st US Dictionary Slavery: Not allowed. Many free blacks move to Ohio River. New States Created out of North West Ordinance: Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin

Opening: Write down 5 details that stand out to you in this painting. What is the message of this painting?

Manifest Destiny The idea that God wanted the Americans to settle the west Several inventions, such as the mechanical reaper and the steel plow, opened up the Great Plains to farmers

Manifest Destiny Between 1800 and 1860, the United States more than doubled in size, and the number of states expanded from 16 to 33. Americans headed west for 3 main reason: 1 - the desire to own their own land (Homestead Act) 2- the discovery of gold and other valuable resources (California Gold Rush) 3- the belief that the US was supposed to stretch across North America (Manifest Destiny)

Manifest Destiny Mormons: (a religious group) Settled Utah in hopes of finding religious freedom In the 1820s, Americans began to settle in Texas, which was owned by Mexico, conflicts would lead to a war with Mexico

Manifest Destiny 1800: 387,000 American settlers beyond Appalachian Mtns. 1820: 2.4 million settlers What does Manifest Destiny mean? God had given Americans the right to settle from coast to coast on the American Continent

Oregon Trail

Trails West

Louisiana Purchase In 1800 France gained New Orleans from the Spanish President Thomas Jefferson sent an ambassador, James Monroe, to France to attempt to gain use of Mississippi River (New Orleans is at the Mouth of the Mississippi River)

In 1803, to gain money to fight the British, Napoleon Bonaparte (Ruler of France) offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the U.S. The U.S. purchased the territory for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S.

Why was Napoleon willing to sell President Jefferson the land Why was Napoleon willing to sell President Jefferson the land? Why would President Jefferson want the Louisiana Purchase Territory?

Lewis and Clark In 1804, Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark west to explore the new territory and to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean The Expedition was officially called: The Corps of Discovery included Sacagawea, an Indian guide, and York, Clark’s slave

Lewis and Clark The expedition lasted 3 years What they DID: They discovered many new plants and animals and made contact with many different Natives. They kept detailed records of their discoveries and mapped out the territory they explored. What they Didn’t Do: discover a water route a to Pacific Ocean

What was the purpose of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

Causes of the War of 1812 1. Embargo Act The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law restricting American ships from engaging in foreign trade between the years of 1807 and 1812. The Acts were diplomatic responses by presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison designed to protect American interests and avoid war. They failed, and helped cause the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain.

Causes of the War of 1812 2. British began boarding American ships, known as impressments. In 1807, British shipmates boarded the USS Chesapeake because the British believed that the US was aiding France. There were eighteen American seamen injured and three killed during the British Leopard attack on the USS Chesapeake. Shipmates were often captured and forced to serve, against their will, in the British navy.

Causes of the War of 1812 3. Americans suspected the British of giving military support to the Native Americans so that the Native Americans would fight to keep the Americans from settling lands west of the Appalachian Mountains

Causes of the War of 1812 4. War Hawks Henry Clay and John Calhoun Wanted to expand US territory into Canada, Texas, and Florida

Burning Of Washington, D.C. In 1814 the British burned Washington, D.C. in retaliation for the Americans attacking and burning parts of Canada.

Star-Spangled Banner While watching the Battle of Fort McHenry, a Baltimore lawyer, Francis Scott Key, wrote the Star Spangled Banner. This was originally just a poem, but is now the national anthem.

Opening: War of 1812 & the Battle of New Orleans 1. What is going on in this picture? 2. Which group are the Americans and which are the British? How do you know? 3. Where might this battle be taking place?

American Army in Battle of New Orleans Describe the American Army. How do they look? How are they dressed?

Results of the battle of New Orleans What is going on in this picture? Who seems to be winning the battle?

The Battle of New Orleans Americans and British were fighting over who would control New Orleans (mouth of the Mississippi River and Ocean access) Future president Andrew Jackson played a key role as a general in the Battle of New Orleans American victory over the British. The treaty to end the war had already been signed, but neither Jackson or the British knew this, so there were lives lost for no reason.

Results of the War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent ended the war December 1814 American earned respect as a growing world power The “Era of Good Feelings” James Monroe (1817): No political infighting (why?) Created a new national bank to ease economic problems placed tariffs (taxes) on foreign goods to help U.S. manufacturing

Results of the war of 1812 End of military hostility between the US and Great Britain. America’s army and navy were firmly established as worthy opponents of any European military force. For the first time, U.S. citizens came together as Americans (not just as citizens of individual states). This is known as Nationalism Francis Scott Key writes the Star Spangled Banner

Industrial Revolution d. Describe the construction of the Erie Canal, the rise of New York City, and the development of the nation’s infrastructure.   a. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets. the rise of New York City, and the development of the nation’s infrastructure.

Industrial Revolution: YOU Predict The Industrial Revolution, as it is now called by historians, changed the ways in which the world produced its goods. It also changed our societies from a mainly agricultural society to one that in which industry and manufacturing was in control. YOU PREDICT: What were some positive effects? What were some negative effects? Watch the Clip: http://www.history.com/videos/the-industrial- revolition#the-industrial-revolition

Industrial Revolution Period in history in which technological advances led to mass economic changes. Began in Britain Machines replace manual labor

Eli Whitney Whitney was one of the early founders of the "American system" of mass production Identical parts were produced by machines, and then assembled by hand Whitney popularized the machine which produced interchangeable parts for guns

Eli Whitney Invented the Cotton Gin as a means of easily separating the seeds from the cotton The Gin was mass produced using interchangeable parts Increased the amount of cotton that the South produced, increasing the demand for slaves

Why were Eli Whitney’s ideas so Important? The cotton gin reduced the cost of producing cotton and greatly raised the profit from growing it. Interchangeable parts made it possible for people to keep their items (i.e. musket) after the item was fixed, instead of having to throw it away because it would never work again. Semi-skilled or unskilled workers could work in factories to produce these items, instead of needing a skilled laborer.

Erie Canal Completed in 1825, it allowed goods to be shipped by water from NYC to the west The canal boats could carry greater loads than wagons The 365 mile canal was dug by hand, mainly by Irish immigrants

Erie Canal The Erie Canal helped turn NYC into a major port leading to an increase in the city’s population and the development of industries

Other Transportation Developments Steamboats: First used in 1807, allowed easier transportation of goods upriver Railroads: between 1830 and 1861, the US built 30,000 miles of railroads (What industries would this benefit?)

The Monroe Doctrine Named after President James Monroe -Issued in 1823, the Doctrine marked the start of the U.S. policy of preventing European powers from further colonizing and interfering with western hemisphere countries

c. Describe reform movements, specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public school.

Temperance Movement A movement aimed at limiting the consumption of alcohol: supported heavily by women Alcohol abuse became widespread during the early 1800s Pushed for laws to prohibit the sale of liquor

Abolitionist Movement A movement whose goal it was to end slavery The movement was tied to the Second Great Awakening which focused on sin and repentance, with slavery being one of the country’s greatest sins In the 1830s William Lloyd Garrison became one of the country’s leading abolitionists, publishing the newspaper the Liberator

Abolitionist Movement Fredrick Douglas, a former slave from Maryland, published the abolitionist newspaper the North Star Sojourner Truth a former slave from NY, gave pro-abolitionist speeches

Educational Reform Horace Mann, from Massachusetts, began a movement pushing for government funded schools and teacher training Helped pass the 1st mandatory school attendance law in 1852 Believed that citizens must be educated in order for the nation to survive and prosper

Women’s Reform Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped organized the first women’s rights movement, called the Seneca Falls Conference Susan B. Anthony leader in the Abolitionist and Women’s rights movement Women stressed the need for Suffrage (having the right to vote)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyFhnZi8eUA&feature=related e. Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of popular political culture, and the development of American nationalism.

Compare and Contrast these two images of Andrew Jackson

Election of 1824 Known as the “corrupt bargain” Top Candidates: John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson Because no clear majority- decision went to House of Representatives

Elections of 1824 and 1828 Henry Clay (although out of the running) decided to back Adams House of Representatives declare ADAMS the winner Clay becomes Secretary of State JACKSON IS FURIOUS! Jackson begins to campaign for the next election immediately!

Rise of popular political culture Jackson’s presidential campaigns caused an increase in public participation in politics: -Campaign rallies were first introduced -Mudslinging: Both sides accused the other of wrong doing and these accusations were turned into songs, buttons, and posters

To campaign posters: The one on the right is pro Jackson, the one the left is anti Jackson, picking on his spoils system

Andrew Jackson -Voting rights were expanded in the early1800s, many working class men could now vote -Andrew Jackson wins the Presidential election in 1828-Jackson is seen as “The People’s President” -Was an orphan, had little formal education, fought in several duals, and was the hero of the War of 1812

Jacksonian Democracy 1.Jackson sought to strengthen the executive branch and weaken Congress 2. Wanted UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFRAGE expanded voting rights to men without property too! 3. Spoils system: appointed people to government jobs based on party loyalty 4. favored Manifest Destiny 5. Believed in Nullification 6. Opposed National Bank

American Nationalism Believed that the US was superior to other nations and people: -Most had the same religion (Protestant), language, and culture -Should expand (Manifest Destiny) to spread this belief

Indian Removal Act http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nfo_LnuDJ1c

Did you get it? Why was Jackson seen as the “People’s President” What are some of the beliefs of Jacksonian Democracy? What is nationalism?