The Cold War THE COLD WAR

The Division of Berlin

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an ‘iron curtain’ has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.” Iron Curtain Speech, 1946

Aid at Home and Abroad: GI BILL & Marshall Plan G.I. Bill: 1944 - provided college or vocational education for returning WWII Vets. Also: one year of unemployment compensation. Provided loans for homes & to start businesses.

The Marshall Plan Primary program, 1947–51, of the US for rebuilding and creating a stronger Europe. The plan was established on June 5, 1947. offered to USSR & Allied, but they did not accept it US gave $13 billion in economic aid

Berlin Crisis The Berlin Blockade (June 1948 – May 1949) the first major crisis of the Cold War USSR blocked the Western Allies railway/road access to parts of Berlin. USSR’s goal was to allow USSR to supply Berlin with food and fuel Would give Soviets practical control over the entire city.

Berlin Airlift In response to the Crisis the Berlin Airlift (June ’48 – May ’49) The RAF and USAF flew over 200,000 flights Carried supplies to the people in West Berlin. The Airlift humiliated the Soviets Heightens tensions of the Cold War

North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military alliance formed in April of 1949 It is an organization of collective defense member states agree to respond to an attack by any external party. Original members: Belgium Luxembourg Canada Netherlands Denmark Norway France Portugal Iceland United Kingdom Italy United States Add during the 1950s: Greece Turkey Germany

Uh Oh!: 1949 August, 1949 – Russia tests it’s first Atomic bomb. October, 1949 – Mao Zedong takes power in China…Communism has spread. 1952 :: Hydrogen Bomb tested Much more powerful than the Atomic Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy (1949)- Mao Zedong leads Communist takeover in China (rival to Soviet Union) REACTION: Increased fears of communist domination U.S. spent $3 million in support of Nationalist, Chiang Kai-shek, only to have failed!

NSC 68 NSC-68: U.S. National Security Report, 1950 *emphasizes Soviet aggression *calls for massive U.S. military buildup “The U.S.S.R.’s desire for World Domination requires not only to this Republic but civilization itself take a stand”

The 1948 election was so close that some newspapers had misprinted the results, declaring Republican Candidate Dewey the winner. However, Truman had in fact won the election and had the last laugh! 12

July 26, 1948 President Harry Truman issued Executive Order 9981 Desegregates US military.

Korean War [1950-1953]

TIMELINE Korea controlled by Japan 1945 Korea controlled by Japan Soviets occupied the NORTH, America the SOUTH The two halves were divided by the 38th Parallel 1947 elections held South… supported by the US North Korea had own govt. backed by the Soviets Both sides claimed to be the rightful rulers of Korea

III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy Korean War (1950-1953): (June, 1950) Communist North Korea invades across the 38th parallel, attacking democratic South Korea Apply Cold War policy: What should be the main objective in the Korean War?

III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy U.N. troops (made up of 90% Americans) defend South Korea Led by Douglas MacArthur

The Shifting Map of Korea [1950-1953]