Chapter 13 Section 1 Marching Toward War Objective: Analyze the factors & events that led to World War I Vocabulary: Militarism, Triple Alliance, Kaiser Wilhelm II, & Triple Entente New: Is war ever justified? (Explain your reasoning)

Setting the Stage The nations of Europe had been largely at peace with one another for nearly 30 years By 1900, hundreds of peace organizations were active & Europeans believed progress made war a thing of the past However, less than a decade later a massive war would engulf Europe & spread across the world What was the last thing we learned about that had most of the European nations at war with each other? Hint – Think about a short man who quickly rose to power.

Rising Tensions in Europe Nationalism: belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation/country Nationalism served as a unifying force within a country It caused intense competition among nations, with each seeking to overpower the other These competitions were over materials, markets, & territories Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, & France Olympics

Imperialism Nations of Europe competed fiercely for colonies in Africa & Asia Sometimes it pushed European nations to the brink of war As European countries continued to compete for overseas empires, their sense of rivalry & mistrust of one another deepened

Check for Understanding With this mistrust of other countries, if a neighboring country starts building up a strong army & navy, what are you going to do? Sentence Starter: I would ___________ because __________________________________.

Militarism The nations of Europe believed that to be truly great, they needed to have a powerful military Military experts believed countries needed plans to mobilize & organize & move troops quickly in case of a war Militarism: policy of glorifying military power & keeping a standing army always prepared for war If you run a country and your neighboring country starts to build up a huge army, what are you going to do?

Tangled Alliances Growing rivalries & mistrust led to the creation of several military alliances among the Great Powers Alliances were meant to keep peace among the Great Powers in Europe but instead it pushed the continent to war Otto von Bismarck, Prussia’s chancellor, used war to unify Germany Bismarck saw France as a threat & wanted to isolate them Bismarck formed the Triple Alliance – military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy in the years preceding World War I Bismark declared Germany a “satisfied power” & turned his attention to making sure there was peace in Europe Bismark believed France would be upset due to their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. Signed a treaty with Russia

Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace Kaiser Wilhelm II – German emperor Wilhelm forced Bismarck to resign because he didn’t want to share power with anyone Wilhelm allowed his peace treaty with Russia to expire & Russia immediately signed an alliance with France This would make Germany fight a two front war on both its eastern & western boarders Bismark was the only one knew how the alliance system would hold up

Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace Wilhelm started to make the German navy equal to Britain’s fleet Alarmed, Britain formed an entente “alliance” with France Triple Entente – military alliance between Great Britain, France, & Russia in the years preceding World War I With two rival alliances in Europe, a dispute between two rival powers could draw all European nations into war

Crisis in the Balkans With a long history of nationalist uprisings & ethnic clashes, the Balkans was known as the “powder keg” of Europe Nationalism was a powerful force in the Balkans Serbia hoped to absorb all the Slavic people in the Balkans into one nation Russia supported Serbian nationalism Austria-Hungary opposed Serbian nationalism because they feared it would stir rebellion among their Slavic population Create on nation of Slavic people

A Restless Region In 1908, Austria annexed Bosnia & Herzegovina Serbian leaders who wanted control over this region were outraged Tensions between Serbia & Austria continued to rise Austria-Hungary vowed to crush any Serbian effort to undermine its authority in the Balkans What does annexed mean?

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe Heir to the Austro- Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his wife Sophia visited Bosnia It was state visit to the capital of Bosnia, Sarajevo On June 28, 1914, the royal couple were shot & killed by Serbian member of the Black Hand – Gavrilo Princip The Black Hand was a secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule Their car route was published beforehand, several different assassins were stationed all along the route. Gavrilo Princip found him by luck

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe Since the assassin was Serbian, Austria decided to use the murders as an excuse to punish Serbia Austria presented Serbia with an ultimatum with numerous demands Serbia knew that refusing the ultimatum would lead to war Serbia agreed to most of the demands however, Austria rejected Serbia’s offer of negotiation & declared war Other countries urged Austria & Russia to negotiate Serbia’s ally Russia, mobilized against Austria