Chapter 12 Life Cycle: From Childhood Through Older Adulthood

Childhood Energy and nutrient needs during childhood Energy and protein Total energy requirements gradually increases Kilocalories and grams protein per kg decrease from infancy Vitamins and minerals Variety of foods needed Assess iron intake Need for supplements? 2

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Childhood Influences on childhood food habits and intake Usually temporary Caregivers have increased role in the development of child’s health and nutrition habits Kids are responsible for when and how much to eat External factors Television Environment 4

Childhood Nutritional Concerns of Childhood Malnutrition and hunger Food insecure households Low food security Federal assistance programs WIC National School Lunch Breakfast and Summer Food Service Programs Summer Food Service 6

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Childhood Foods associated with hyperactivity Nutrition Concerns of Childhood Food and behavior Foods associated with hyperactivity 8

Childhood Childhood and Teenage Obesity 16-33% of children and adolescents obese Overweight children likely to become overweight adults The Path to Obesity Most commonly begins between ages 5-6 or during adolescence 9

Childhood Childhood and Teenage Obesity What Causes Obesity? Genetic, biological, behavioral, and cultural factors 80% chance for children with two obese parents 10

Childhood Childhood and Teenage Obesity Risks and Complications Increased risk of heart disease High blood pressure Diabetes Breathing problems Trouble sleeping 11

Childhood Childhood and Teenage Obesity Management Start a weight-management program Change eating habits Plan meals and make better selections Control portions Increase physical activity Limit snacking 12

Childhood Nutrition and chronic disease Dietary Guidelines for Americans Screening children with family history of high lipid levels Lead toxicity Slow growth Iron-deficiency anemia Damage to brain and CNS Low-iron, calcium, and zinc intakes increase lead absorption 13

Childhood Vegetarianism Nutrients to emphasize Calcium Iron Zinc Vitamin B12 Vitamin D 14

Adolescence Adolescent growth spurt Physical growth and development Boys: begins between 12 and 13 years Gain about 8 inches in height, 45 pounds in weight Girls: begins between 10 and 11 years Gain about 6 inches in height, 35 pounds in weight Changes in body composition Changes in emotional maturity 15

Adolescence Adolescents Energy and protein Highest total calories and protein grams per day Vitamins and minerals Nutrients of concern Vitamin A Calcium Iron 16

Adolescence Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents Fitness and sports Provide catalyst for learning about nutrition and improve daily habits Acne Investigating the connections between diets and acne High-glycemic-index foods, fat intake, and fatty acid composition Eating disorders Become preoccupied with weight, appearance, and eating habits 18

Adolescence Adolescent Obesity Increased risk for Developing high blood pressure Abnormal blood glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes Breathing problems, joint pain, and heartburn Poor self-esteem Metabolic syndrome 19

Adolescence Tobacco, alcohol, recreational drugs Period of experimentation Alcohol and drug use may take priority over adequate food intake Teens who use drugs are usually underweight and report poor appetites

Staying Young While Growing Older Age-related changes Weight and body composition Add fat; lose lean body mass Physical activity Reduced muscle and skeletal strength Immunity Decline in defense mechanisms Taste and smell Decline in sensitivity Gastrointestinal changes Reduced acid secretion; reduced motility 22

Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult Energy Reduced needs Decreased activity; decreased lean body mass Protein Same needs per kg body weight as younger adults 24

Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult Carbohydrate More likely to be lactose intolerant Fat Maintain moderate low-fat diet Water Reduced thirst response 25

Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult Vitamins of concern Vitamin D Needed for bone health, calcium balance Reduced skin synthesis, activation Higher needs B vitamins Reduced ability to absorb vitamin B12 Folate, B6, B12 may help reduce heart disease risk 26

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Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult Antioxidants Found in fruits and vegetables Important to reduce oxidative stress and degenerative diseases May protect against damage to the brain

Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult Minerals of concern Calcium Bone health Reduced ability to absorb calcium Zinc Marginal deficiencies likely May compromise immunity, wound healing Iron Elders may have limited intake 29

Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults Drug–drug and drug–nutrient interactions Can affect use of drugs or nutrients Possible interactions should be identified and avoided Depression May reduce food intake Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient use 30

Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults Anorexia of aging Loss of appetite with illness Can lead to protein-energy malnutrition Arthritis May interfere with food preparation and eating Dietary changes may improve symptoms 31

Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults Bowel and bladder regulation Increased risk of urinary tract infection Chronic constipation more common with age Need for increased fluids and fiber Dental health May interfere with eating ability or food choices 32

Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults Vision problems Can affect ability to shop and cook Antioxidants may reduce macular degeneration Osteoporosis Common in elders, especially women Maintain calcium, vitamin D, and exercise 33

Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults Alzheimer’s disease Affects ability to function Reduced taste and smell Risk for weight loss and malnutrition 34

Meal Management for Mature Adults Managing independently Wise eating for one or two Finding community resources Services for elders Meals on Wheels Elderly Nutrition Program Food Stamp Program 35