13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Photo credit: ©Anup Shah/Dembinsky Photo Associates Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Applications of Genetic Engineering Transforming Bacteria How can you tell if a transformation experiment has been successful? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Applications of Genetic Engineering If transformation is successful, the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Applications of Genetic Engineering If transformation is successful, the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Applications of Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits. A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 5
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Recombinant DNA DNA with genes from more than one organism Genes often inserted into bacterial plasmids Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Applications of Genetic Engineering Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce human proteins. Have plasmid with recombinant DNA Used to make human insulin Transgenic plants are common in agriculture. Bacteria with recombinant DNA infect a plant Used to make crops resistant to drought, disease, pests, frost Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7
Applications of Genetic Engineering Transgenic bacteria can be used in animals. transgenic mice are used for medical research to study development and disease Gene must be inserted in fertilized egg Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8
Applications of Genetic Engineering Scientists have concerns about some uses of genetic engineering. possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and biodiversity; possible unintended consequences Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genetic Screening Genetic Screening Genetic screening is the process of testing DNA to determine the risk of having or passing on a genetic disorder Can involve pedigree analysis Detecting disorders test can detect genes that produce disorders such as cystic fibrosis Detecting disease risk tests for genes related to an increased risk of cancer, heart disease, etc Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Gene Therapy Gene therapy is the replacement of faulty genes. Gene therapy replaces defective or missing genes, or adds new genes, to treat a disease. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Gene Therapy Several experimental techniques are used for gene therapy. genetically engineered viruses used to “infect” a patient’s cells. The “desired” gene is inserted into the cells by the virus. stimulate immune system --genes inserted to stimulate a person’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells insert “suicide” genes --gene inserted into cancer cells that will activate a chemical to kill the cells without affecting normal cells Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Gene Therapy Gene therapy has many technical challenges. inserting gene into correct cells controlling gene expression determining effect on other genes Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Entire organisms can be cloned A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 14
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning occurs in nature. bacteria (binary fission) some plants (from roots) some simple animals (budding, regeneration) Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 15
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear transfer Low success rate Dolly the sheep first clone of adult mammal Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 16
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning has potential benefits. Could be used in medical treatments; organs for transplant into humans save endangered species or bring back extinct species Cloning raises concerns. low success rate clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal decreased biodiversity Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 17
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. In 1997, Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep called Dolly. Dolly and Bonnie The adult sheep is Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. The lamb is Dolly’s first offspring, called Bonnie. The fact that Dolly was cloned did not affect her ability to produce a live offspring. Photo Credit: PA News Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly Donor Nucleus Fused cell Egg Cell In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. Embryo Cloned Lamb Foster Mother Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Researchers hope cloning will enable them to make copies of transgenic animals and help save endangered species. Studies suggest that cloned animals may suffer from a number of genetic defects and health problems. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13–4 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13–4 Insulin-dependent diabetes can now be treated with insulin produced through the use of transgenic plants. transgenic animals. transgenic microorganisms. transgenic fungi. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13–4 Transgenic tobacco plants that glow in the dark were produced by transferring the gene for luciferase from a clone. bacterium. firefly. jellyfish. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13–4 The first mammal to be cloned was a sheep. horse. dog. cat. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13–4 In producing a cloned animal, an egg cell is taken from a female and its nucleus is removed. A body cell is taken from a male. The clone from this experiment will look just like the female. be genetically identical to the male. have a mixture of characteristics from both animals. resemble neither the male nor the female. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13–4 Animals produced by cloning have been shown to all be perfectly healthy. suffer from a number of health problems. live longer than uncloned animals. be less intelligent than uncloned animals. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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