Richard Chenevix Trench Grammar is the logic of speech, even as logic is the grammar of reason. Richard Chenevix Trench

Definition Usage Examples Non-examples

Participle = verb form that acts as adjective That means it will ALWAYS be attached to a noun or pronoun.

present Participle ends in –ing running shoes hiking boots swimming pool

past particle ends in -ed, -en, -t decorated officer repeated text deleted email sunken ship burnt toast

**use your judgement** If it has the base form of the verb and it’s functioning as an adjective, then it’s a participle. **use your judgement**

Participles are NEVER the subject or verb in the sentence! running shoes hiking boots swimming pool decorated officer repeated text deleted email sunken ship burnt toast I need my running shoes. My hiking boots are muddy. The swimming pool is huge! The decorated officer never smiled. My mom often sends repeated texts. The deleted email contained vital information. The sunken ship was a home for sea creatures. The kitchen smelled of burnt toast.

Participial Phrases Participial phrases USUALLY contain prepositional phrases, but we lump these together with the participle and call it a participial phrase: Running through the halls, I dropped my books. Sometimes a participial phrase has an OBJECT OF THE PARTICIPLE: Climbing a tree, I saw a robin’s nest. Sometimes the participial phrase has BOTH an object and accompanying prepositional phrases: Riding my bike through the park, I saw a squirrel.

Exhausted, I took a nap. Exhausted from a long day at school, I took a nap. I felt exhausted, so I took a nap.

Participial Phrase—Placement Power Beginning Middle (Interrupting) End Reiterating her point, the teacher emphasized the importance of grammar. The teacher, reiterating her point, emphasized the importance of grammar. The teacher emphasized the importance of grammar, reiterating her point. Comma Rule: Use a comma after introductory phrase. Comma Rule: Place commas around non-essential information. Comma Rule: A comma and phrase at the end refer back to the subject of sentence.

She watered the sunflower standing in the garden.

Avoid Dangling Participles Oozing slowly across the floor, Marvin watched the salad dressing. She handed out brownies to the children stored in tupperware. I smelled the oysters coming down the stairs for dinner. Driving like a maniac, the deer was hit and killed. I saw the dead dog driving down the interstate. Emitting thick black smoke from the midsection, I realized something was wrong. I saw an accident walking down the street. Mrs. Daniel sews evening gowns for special customers with sequins stitched on them. Freshly painted, Jim left the room to dry.

I love hiking. I am hiking. Hiking all day, I felt exhausted. I need my hiking boots. I love hiking. I am hiking.

Create one sentence with a participle. Verb Form Present Participle Past Participle Create one sentence with a participle. Create one sentence with a participial phrase. To sink Sinking Sunken The sunken ship contained several ancient treasures. Sinking in the sky, the sun blinded me while I was driving. To dance Dancing NA The dancing ballerinas leapt across the stage. Dancing across the stage, the ballerina looked graceful.

Prior Knowledge: adjectives describe nouns and pronouns Participle: a verb acting like an adjective (a participle describes the closest noun or pronoun) Present participle = ends in –ing & Past Participle = ends in –ed/en/t Examples: I need my hiking boots. Hiking all day, I felt exhausted. The movie, containing several violent scenes, was inappropriate for my little brother. Eaten by mosquitoes, we wished we made hotel, not campsite, reservations. Non-Examples: I love hiking. I am hiking. Driving like a maniac, the deer was hit and killed.

from “Through The Tunnel” by Doris Lessing Going to the shore on the first morning of the holiday, the young English boy stopped at a turning of the path and looked down at a wild and rocky bay and then over to the crowded beach.