Cities & Urban Land Use Unit 4

I. Types of Services Ch. 12 – Services & Settlements

A. Consumer Services 1. Nearly 1/2 of all jobs in the US provide a consumer service a. Retail and wholesale b. Health and social services c. Education services d. Leisure and hospitality services

B. Business Services 1. Business services facilitate the activities of other businesses 2. Accounts for 1/4 of jobs in the US a. Professional services b. Transportation and information services c. Financial services

C. Public Services 1. Public services provide security and protection for all citizens and businesses 2. Most jobs are in federal, state, and local governments.

D. Changes in Job Sectors 1. In recent decades, the US has seen an increase in service jobs and a decrease in primary- and secondary- sector jobs 2.The service sector was the most impacted by the severe recession that began in 2008

F. New Patterns of Economic Activity 1. Technology, such as GIS, can help to model the best locations for new businesses, office complexes, gov’t centers, or transportation connections 2. Major retailers change the economic prospects and physical environment of places 3. Locational influences on quaternary services are more diverse 4. Those who work in the quinary sector tend to be concentrated around governmental seats, universities, and corporate headquarters

II. Origins of Services and Settlements Ch. 12 – Services & Settlements

A. Origin of Services 1. Early consumer services a. Bury the dead b. 1st settlements needed services (tools, clothing, pots) 2. Early public services a. Religious activities, political leaders, defenders of the town wall 3. Early business services a. Food, goods

B. Clustered Rural Settlements 1. Families live in close proximity and the fields surround the village 2. Circular rural settlements a. The houses and structures of the village surround the fields 3. Linear rural settlements a. Houses on the road b. Fields are in long strips behind the houses 4. Colonial American clustered settlements a. Houses surround a common b. Families have outer fields to grow food c. Plantations developed in the South in the 1700s

C. Contemporary Rural Settlements 1. Dispersed Rural Settlements a. Farms in isolation from neighbors, spread out across the landscape b. Most common in the US c. People were not as unified d. Wanted to work large tracks of land, not discontinuous fields 2. Enclosure Movement a. Agricultural efficiency; bad village life

World Cities 1. Ancient Cities a. Athens - City-State b. Rome - “All roads lead to Rome” 2. Medieval World Cities a. Releasing the serfs b. Better roads and power centers c. Walls d. Dense and compact 3. Modern World Cities a. Business transactions b. Transportation c. Communication

III. Distribution of Services Ch. 12 – Services & Settlements

A. Central Place Theory 1. Walter Christaller proposed the central place theory to help explain how the most profitable location can be identified 2. Market Area of a Service a. A central place is a market center where people cluster to buy and sell goods and services b. To represent a market area (or hinterland) in central place theory, geographers draw hexagons around settlements 3. Range of a Service a. The range of a service is the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use it 4. Threshold of a Service a. The threshold is the minimum number of people needed to support the service

B. Market-Area Analysis 1. Profitability of a location a. Need to know range and threshold 2. Optimal location within a market b. Minimizes distance to the service for the largest number of people 3. The gravity model predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related the distance people must travel to access it.

C. Rank-Size Rule 1. Many developed countries conform to the rank-size rule, in which the country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement 2. Many less-developed countries follow the primate city rule, in which the largest settlement, called the primate city, has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

D. Services in Global Cities 1. Business Services in Global Cities a. Product of the industrial revolution b. Financial services for corporate headquarters 2. Consumer Services in Global Cities a. Extensive market areas b. Leisure services 3. Public Services in Global Cities a. Centers of political power b. Foreign corporations

E. Services in Developing Countries 1. Offshore Financial Services a. Taxes - tax breaks include little to no taxes on income, profits, and capital gains b. Privacy - bank secrecy laws can help individuals and businesses evade disclosure in their home countries 2. Business-Processing Outsourcing a. Back-office functions can be performed at a lower cost if they are performed by workers in developing countries

F. Economic Base of Settlements 1. A settlement’s distinctive economic structure derives from its basic industries, which export primarily to consumers outside the settlement 2. Nonbasic industries are enterprises whose customers live in the same community 3. A community’s unique collection of basic industries defines its economic base

IV. Why Services Cluster Downtown Ch. 13 – Urban Patterns

A. Central Business District Land Uses 1. The CBD takes up <1% of the urban land area but contains a large percentage of services offered in the city. 2. Includes public services, business services, and retail services. 3. High demand for the limited space in CBD encourages vertical development.

V. Models of Urban Structure Ch. 13 – Urban Patterns

A. Concentric Zone/Burgess Model 1. Suggests that a city grows outward from the CBD in concentric rings.

B. Sector/Hoyt Model 1. Suggests that a city develops in sectors or wedges that expand outward from the CBD.

C. Multiple Nuclei/Harris and Ullman Model 1. Suggests that a city is more complex in structure and has more than one center around which activities revolve.

D. Applications of the Models 1. Models explain where people with different social characteristics tend to live and why. 2. Some models may seem too simple or dated to explain contemporary urban patterns. 3. Combining the models help geographers explain where different types of people live in a city.

E. Applying the Models in Europe 1. Sector Model: In Europe, the wealthy still live in the inner portions of the upper-class sector, not the suburbs. 2. Concentric Zone Model: In Europe, most of the new housing built in the suburbs is high-rise apt buildings for low- income people and recent immigrants.

F. Applying the Models in Latin America 1. Latin American cities blend traditional elements of Latin American culture with globalization forces that are reshaping the urban scene, combining radial sectors and concentric zones. 2. This is the Griffin-Ford Model. 3. Shantytowns and squatter settlements are unplanned groups of crude dwellings that develop around cities.

F. Applying the Models in Africa 1. The African city usually has three CBDs: a remnant of the colonial CBD, an informal or periodic market zone, and a transitional business center where commerce is conducted.

F. Applying the Models in Southeast Asia 1. The McGee Model includes sectors and zones within each sector.

VI. Expansion of Urban Areas Ch. 13 – Urban Patterns

A. The Peripheral Model 1. According to the peripheral model, an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road. 2. Around the beltway are nodes of consumer and business services called edge cities.

B. Defining Urban Settlements 1. Cities have been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit. 2. An urban area consists of a dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs within the core. a. It includes urbanized areas and urbanized clusters. 3. The metropolitan statistical area measures the functional area of a city, including: a. An urbanized area w/a population of at least 50,000. b. The county c. Adjacent counties with a high population and residents working in the central city’s county.

C. Urban Sprawl 1. Urban sprawl is the unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning 2. To counter this, urban planners have outlined a design vision called new urbanism, which includes development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs

D. Suburban Sprawl and Segregation 1. The flattening of the density gradient for a metropolitan area means that its people and services are spread out over a larger area 2. US suburbs are characterized by sprawl, the progressive spread of development over the landscape 3. The modern residential suburb is segregated by social class and land uses.

E. Urban Transportation 1. Motor vehicles permitted large-scale development of suburbs at greater distances from the city center. 2. As reducing pollution is a growing concern in urban areas, automakers scramble to bring alternative-fuel vehicles to the market. 3. Public transportation can be used. It can be cost effective and more energy efficient, but it tends to not be a popular choice in most US cities.

VII. Challenges of Urbanization Ch. 13 – Urban Patterns

A. Changing Urban Physical Geography 1. Neighborhoods can easily shift from predominantly middle- class to low-income if more low-income residents move to a city, resulting in filtering, redlining, and public housing. 2. Gentrification is the process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing. 3. Inner-city residents are frequently referred to as underclass and deal with a variety of problems, such as unemployment and poverty, potentially higher crime rates, deteriorated schools, and lack of affordable housing. They often live in a culture of poverty.

B. Urban Economic Challenges 1. Lower-income inner-city residents require public services but pay little of the taxes needed to fund the services. 2. As a result, cities with the choice to either reduce services or raise tax revenues