Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

Characteristics of Animals: Heterotrophic Eukaryotic Multicellular Lack cell walls 95% = invertebrates (no backbone) 5% = vertebrates (have a backbone)

7 Common Animal Functions Feeding: Herbivore = eats plants Carnivore = eats animals Omnivore = eats plants and animals Detritivore = feed on decaying organic material Filter Feeders = aquatic animals that strain food from water Parasite = lives in or on another organism (symbiotic relationship)

2. Respiration: Take in O2 and give off CO2 Lungs, gills, through skin, simple diffusion

3. Circulation: Very small animals rely on diffusion Larger animals have circulatory system

4. Excretion: Removal of Wastes - Primary waste product is ammonia (could be urea, uric acid, or amino acid. Diffusion - Sponges, Cnideria, and Echinoderms. Flame cells - Flat worms Canals and Tubes - Round worms Nephridia - Annelids Malphigian Tubules - Arthropods Green glands – Prawns Kidneys - Vertebrates 

Excretory Organs Nephridia – Segmented Worms Flame Cells - Flatworms Canals and Tubes – Round Worms Kidneys - Vertebrates Malphigian Tubules – Arthropods/Insects

5. Response: Animals respond to their environment using: Receptor cells = sound, light, external stimuli Nerve cells => nervous system 6. Movement: * Most but not all animals move

7.  Reproduce:  Most reproduce sexually = genetic diversity Many invertebrates can also reproduce asexually to increase their numbers rapidly

Animal Body Plans: Symmetrical – sides or sections look the same (mirror images) Asymmetry - no pattern (corals, sponges) Radial Symmetry - shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish) Bilateral Symmetry -  has a right and left side that Can be cut equally in 1/2 (humans, insects, cats, etc.)

Identify the Symmetry BILATERAL ASYMETRICAL BILATERAL RADIAL RADIAL

Cephalization - an anterior concentration of sense organs (to have a head) *The more complex the animals becomes the more pronounced their cephalization Octopus – member of the class Cephalopoda (head-foot)

Body Sides anterior - toward the head posterior - toward the tail dorsal - back side ventral - belly side

Segmentation - "advanced" animals have body segments, and specialization of tissue (even humans are segmented, look at the ribs and spine)

Animal Development Animals begin as a zygote (fertilized egg)

The cells in the zygote divide to form the BLASTULA - a hollow ball of cells

The blastula pinches inward to form three cell layers called GERM LAYERS

This pinched in area becomes a mouth in some animals (Protostomes) and an anus in other animals (Deuterostomes). Mollusks, Annelids, Arthropods Echinoderms and Chordates

Major Animal Kingdom Phyla Phylum Porifera – sponges (simple animals with no symmetry) Phylum Cnidaria – sea anemones, jellyfish, hydra (animals with stinging cells and radial symmentry)

Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms Free-living Planarian Parasitic Tapeworm

Phylum Nematoda – roundworms Phylum Annelida – segmented worms

Phylum Mollusca – clams, squid, snails (animals with a shell – the squid’s “shell” or pen is internal.

Phylum Arthropoda – crustaceans, insects, spiders This is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom and contains the most number of species

Phylum Echinodermata - starfish

Phylum Chordata – includes all vertebrates (animals with a stiff vertebral column with a nerve cord above)

Shape of Life Videos Origins (Sponges) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/sponges-origins or http://vimeo.com/37032195 Life on the Move (Cnideria) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/cnidarians-life-move or http://vimeo.com/37267733 The First Hunter (Platyhelminthes) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/flatworms-first-hunter or http://vimeo.com/37282961 Marine Arthropods: A Successful Design http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/marine-arthropods-successful-design or http://vimeo.com/37289745 The Conquerors (Arthropods) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/terrestrial-arthropods-conquerors or http://vimeo.com/37321126 Survival Game (Molluscs) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/molluscs-survival-game or http://vimeo.com/37325960 Ultimate Animal (Echinoderms) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/echinoderms-ultimate-animal or http://vimeo.com/37295088 Explosion of Life (Annelids) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/annelids-powerful-and-capable-worms or http://vimeo.com/37255842 Bones, Brawn, and Brains (Chordates) http://shapeoflife.org/video/phyla/chordates-we%E2%80%99re-all-family or http://vimeo.com/42588192