1. Zoology
An Introduction

2. Zoology Study of animals In this class- Important Kingdoms-
Protista- some, unicellular, animal-like organisms(protozoans)
considered to be evol. precursors to animals
ANIMALIA- are ANIMALS
Latin “zoa” or “zo”- means animal

3. Kingdom Protista Single celled Eukaryotic Ingest or produce food
Some animallike

4. What is an Animal? Are members of Kingdom Animalia Are multicellular
Are Eukaryotic
Are Heterotrophs
Lack cell walls
Usually have a method of
movement
Most reproduce sexually
Require oxygen

5. What is an Animal? Multicellular: Having more than one cell
Eukaryotic: Organisms whose cell
contain a nucleus
Heterotroph: Organisms that obtains
energy from the foods it consumes; also
called a consumer.

6. 2 Types of Animals Invertebrates: Animals that do not
have a backbone or a vertebral column
Vertebrates: Animals that has a
vertebral column, or backbone

7. What Animals Do to Survive
Animals carry out the following essential functions:
1. Feed
2. Respire
3. Circulation
4. Excrete
5. Respond
6. Move
7. Reproduce

8. Essential Functions Feeding: Animals feed in a large variety of ways.
Carnivore: Eats meat/animals
ONLY
Herbivore: Eats plants ONLY
Omnivore: Eats meat & plants
Detritivore: Feeds on plant and animal remains
and other dead matter called detritus
(Includes poop).

9. Essential Functions
Respiration: Whether they live in water or on land, all animals respire, which means they take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
Some can rely on diffusion of these substances through their skin
Most have evolved complex tissues and organ systems for respiration

10. Essential Functions Circulation: transport of nutrients and wastes
Many aquatic animals (ex: aquatic worms) rely solely on diffusion to transport oxygen & waste.
Larger animals have some kind of circulatory system to move materials around within their bodies.

11. Essential Functions Excretion: releasing liquid nitrogenous wastes
A buildup of ammonia & other nitrogenous wastes would kill an animal
Animals have excretory system that either eliminates ammonia quickly or converts it into a less toxic substance(uric acid) that is removed from the body.

12. Essential Functions
Response: Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells called nerve cells.
Some nerve cells are receptors that respond to sound, light, and other stimuli
The arrangement of nerve cells in the body changes dramatically from phylum to phylum
Simple animals- nerve cells, nerve net
Complex- nervous systems

14. Essential Functions Movement:
Some animals live their entire lives attached to a single spot (sessile)
Most are motile meaning that they move

15. Essential Functions
Reproduction: Most reproduce sexually by producing gametes.
Maintains genetic diversity in populations
Helps species evolve when the environment changes
Many reproduce asexually & allows to increase numbers rapidly (inverts.)

16. Symmetry: balance in body proportions
Body Plans of Animals
Symmetry: balance in body proportions
3 Types
Bilateral: can be divided only one way to produce mirror image halves
Asymmetrical-
Irregular shape
Radial symmetry: can be divided along any plane to produce 2 halves which look alike

17. Asymmetrical: Has no definite shape.
Symmetry
Asymmetrical: Has no definite shape.

18. Symmetry
Radial Symmetry: Body is arranged in a circle like the spokes of a wheel.

19. Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry: If divided lengthwise in half, both sides will match.

20. Bilateral Symmetry Have external body parts that repeat on
Includes worms, insects & vertebrates
Have external body parts that repeat on
either side of the body

21. What type of symmetry?

23. Body arrangements:
anterior: head region(front on upright man)
b. posterior: tail region (back on upright man)
c. dorsal: back or top
d. ventral: abdomen(belly) or bottom

24. Anatomical Terms (cont)
Medial
- close to the middle
Lateral
Close to the side or movement away from middle
Distal
Away from the main part
Proximal
Close to the main part

25. Anatomical Terms (cont)
Oral
End with the mouth
Aboral
Opposite end of the mouth
Cephalic
Toward head
Caudal
Toward tail

26. Cephalization-concentration of sense organs- developed nervous system- “formation of head" 

27. How does this happen????

28. Embryonic Development
STEP   
 STEP 2 
Zygote cleaves to become blastula and then forms gastrula. The blastopore of the gastrula can become either the mouth or the anus of the organism

29. Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
Protostome- “first mouth” Blastopore becomes the mouth. Ex-Annelids, Mollusks and arthropods
Deuterostome- “second mouth” Blastopore becomes anus.
Ex-echinoderms, hemichordates,chordates

30. Embryonic Development
As embryo develops, three germ
layers form:
a. Ectoderm
 becomes nervous system, epidermis of the skin, pituitary, lens of eye (outside layer)
b. Mesoderm
 becomes muscles, skeleton, notochord, circulatory system, kidney, reproductive system (middle layer)
c. 
Endoderm
 becomes lining of digestive tract, liver, pancreas, epithelial lining of lungs, many endocrine glands (inside layerdigestive tract)

31. a. Acoelomates- no body cavity lined with mesoderm
Body Cavities
a. Acoelomates- no body cavity lined with mesoderm
EX: flatworms

32. b. Pseudocoelomates- partial body cavity lined with mesoderm
“Tube within a tube” body plan
EX: roundworms, rotifers

33. c. Coelomates- true body cavity lined with mesoderm
EX: all other animals

34. Advantages of a body cavity (coelom or pseudocoelom):
Fluid in cavity helps distribute food, wastes, hormones, etc. from one end of animal to the other
Better distribution allows animal to grow larger
A place to put things, like new organs

35. THE ANIMAL KINGDOM OVERVIEW
Invertebrates-no backbone
Vertebrates or Chordates-backbone

36. Checkpoint What are the main characteristics all animals share?
Evidence suggests that animals evolved from ___________.
What are the three animal body types?
What are the three germ layers?
What is the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome?

37. The End