1. Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

2. Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
Animals are multicellular eukaryotic heterotroph whose cells lack cell walls
Vertebrates: 5% of animal species with backbones
Invertebrates: 95% of animal species WITHOUT backbones
Cell specialization – specific cells perform specific jobs to get all the work in the body done

3. In Order to Survive, Animals Must:
Feed –
Carnivores – eat other animals
Herbivores – eat plants
Omnivores – eat other animals and plants
Parasites – inside or on other organisms and do them harm
Filter feeders – strain food from water
Detritus feeders – feed on dead organic matter

4. In Order to Survive, Animals Must:
Respire –
Consume oxygen and give off CO2
Skin, gills, lungs

5. In Order to Survive, Animals Must:
Circulate/Internal Transport –
Must carry O2, nutrients and waste products to and from internal cells
Heart and blood vessels in larger animals
Smaller animals rely on diffusion

6. In Order to Survive, Animals Must:
Excrete –
Small animals – diffusion
Larger animals – excretory systems (that can include complex kidneys)

7. In Order to Survive, Animals Must:
Respond –
Nerve cells – brain
Gather information from environment
Varies greatly from phylum to phylum

8. In Order to Survive, Animals Must:
Move –
Sessile – one spot, no movement
Motile – move, muscles and/or skeletons

9. In Order to Survive, Animals Must:
Reproduce –
Mainly sexual, but invertebrates can also reproduce asexually
Live birth or eggs
Direct Metamorphosis – young look like adult
Indirect Metamorphosis – young → metamorphosis → adult

10. Direct Metamorphosis
Direct – young look like adult

11. Indirect Metamorphosis
Indirect – young → metamorphosis → adult

12. Animal Evolution
Complex animals tend to have high levels of cell specialization and internal body organization, bilateral body symmetry, a front end, or head, with sense organs, and a body cavity.

13. Cell Specialization Cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism
Ex. Stomach cell → stomach tissue → digestive system (mouth, stomach, intestines, etc) → all organ systems put together

14. Body Symmetry Asymmetrical – no symmetry (sponges)
Radial symmetry – body parts repeat around center of body (simple animals – sea anemone and starfish)
Bilateral symmetry – body can be divided into two equal halves – left and right sides
Anterior – front end
Posterior – back end
Dorsal – upper side
Ventral – lower side

15. Body Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry Posterior end
Dorsal side
Anterior end
Plane of symmetry
Planes of symmetry

16. Cephalization
Complex animals concentrate sense organs and nerve cells in the anterior end of the body, this is called cephalization
Ganglia – small clusters of nerve cells (simple animals)
Brain – clusters of ganglia (more complex animals)

17. Introduction to Invertebrates