Vitamins, Minerals and Food components Chem-160 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

The Nature of Vitamins Vitamins are organic (carbon) compounds needed for normal function, growth and maintenance. Vitamins are cofactors, they don’t do anything by themselves. They are not a source of calories. 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Fat Soluble Vitamins A – orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used as color and antioxidant D – we make it with sunlight, deficiency causes rickets, in milk, regulates Ca:P ratios E – tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant K – contributes to blood clotting factor 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Lots of double bonds, good anti-oxidant Vitamin A Lots of double bonds, good anti-oxidant 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Vitamin A Carotenoids Used in food industry as a colorant (orange) Antioxidant Stored in liver Important for sight Deficiency causes ~500,000 cases of “night blindness” worldwide Genetically engineered rice with high Vitamin A can prevent night blindness 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Vitamin D Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium absorption Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium levels It is the only fat soluble vitamin that we can make- in the presence of sunlight Can be made from cholesterol 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Vitamin D Can be stored in fat tissues (as can all fat soluble vitamins) We get vitamin D form fortified milk and cereal Toxicity is very dangerous Occurs only from excess supplementation Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart and blood vessels 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

(Rickets reported in NYC.) Vitamin D Rickets can be caused by lack of sunlight, but also from insufficient calcium. Vitamin D linked to calcium absorption. (Rickets reported in NYC.) 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Vitamin E A family of eight naturally occurring compounds Used as an anti-oxidant in foods Since aging is considered an “oxidation” reaction, many “anti-oxidants” are used as dietary supplements Deficiencies are not well understood 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Vitamin K Contributes to synthesis of seven blood clotting factors Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two bone proteins 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Compare water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are carried in the bloodstream; they are not stored, and excess amounts are eliminated with waste products Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed and transported by fat; excess amounts are stored by the body for later use. 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Water Soluble Vitamins B1, thiamine B2, riboflavin B6, pyridoxamine B12 Biotin Panothenic acid Niacin Folacin Vitamin C 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Nutrition and Your Health 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

The Importance of Good Nutrition NUTRIENTS: Substances in foods that your body needs to grow, to repair, and to provide energy. CALORIES: Units of heat that measure the energy used by the body and energy supplied to the body by foods. The Teen Years 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Nutrients 5-2 Nutrients 6 GROUPS OF NUTRIENTS: Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals Water 5-2 Nutrients 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

They are classified as either simple or complex. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: are the starch and sugars present in food. They are classified as either simple or complex. 5-2 Nutrients 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Complex carbohydrates are starches. Examples include: whole grains seeds legumes Fiber is an indigestible complex carbohydrate that helps move waste through the digestive system. 5-2 Nutrients 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Carbohydrates 5-2 Nutrients Body’s preferred source of energy. Body converts all carbohydrates to glucose, a simple sugar. Glucose is not used right away and it is stored as glycogen. Too many carbohydrates will cause the body to store the excess as fat. 5-2 Nutrients 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Carbohydrates 5-2 Nutrients Fructose Lactose. Simple carbohydrates: are sugars. Examples include: Glucose Fructose Lactose. 5-2 Nutrients Body’s preferred source of energy. Body converts all carbohydrates to glucose, a simple sugar. Glucose is not used right away and it is stored as glycogen. Too many carbohydrates will cause the body to store the excess as fat. 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Proteins Proteins are nutrients that help build and maintain body cells and tissues. Proteins have many functions: - Help make new cells. -Help make and repair tissues. - Help make enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. - Provide energy. Nutrients 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Proteins Proteins are classified into two groups: complete and incomplete. Complete proteins contain amounts of all nine essential amino acids. SOURCES INCLUDE: *Fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, and many soybean products. Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids. *Beans, peas, nuts, and whole grains. . 5-2 Nutrients 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Fats Fats are a type of lipid, a fatty substance that do not dissolve in water. The building blocks of fats are called fatty acids Fatty Acids are classified as two types Saturated: Animal fats and tropical oils High intake is associated with an increased risk of heart disease Unsaturated: Vegetable fats Associated with a reduced risk of heart disease Nutrients 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Fats Fatty acids that the body needs, but is unable to make are called Essential fatty acids Transport vitamins A, D, E, and K Sources of linoleic acid- essential fatty acid that is needed for growth and healthy skin High intake of saturated fats is linked to increased cholesterol production Excess cholesterol can lead to an increased risk of heart disease 5-2 Nutrients 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Vitamins and Minerals Nutrients Vitamins are compounds that help regulate many vital body processes that include: Digestion 2. Absorption 3. Metabolism 4. Circulation Vitamins are classified into two groups: Nutrients Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and pass easily into the blood during digestion. The body does not store these so they need to be replenished regularly. Includes vitamins C, B1 ,B2, Niacin, B6, Folic acid, and B12. : 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

-Calcium -Phosphorus –Magnesium -Iron Vitamins and Minerals Minerals are substances that the body cannot manufacture but are needed for forming healthy bones and teeth and regulating many vital body processes. Important minerals -Calcium -Phosphorus –Magnesium -Iron Nutrients 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani

Water Nutrients Water helps to maintain many bodily functions. Lubricates your joints and mucous membranes. - Enables you to swallow and digest foods. Absorb other nutrients, and eliminate wastes. - Perspiration helps maintain normal body temperature. Water makes up around 65% of the body. It’s important to drink at least 8 cups of water a day to maintain health. Nutrients 9/15/2018 Dr Seemal Jelani