UNIT II, Part 2: MIGRATION

Southeast Asian migrants line up to work in Dubai

African migrants risk death in the Mediterranean for a chance at a better life in Europe

Syrian refugees flee from the advance of ISIS

Palestinian refugees in Yarmouk Camp, Syria, lining up for food aid

WHERE ARE THE WORLD’S MIGRANTS DISTRIBUTED? CHAPTER 3 KEY ISSUE 1 WHERE ARE THE WORLD’S MIGRANTS DISTRIBUTED?

Migration Mobility is a general term that refers to all types of movements. Journeying each day to work or school Weekly visits to local shops Annual trips to visit relatives who live in a different state A desperate departure from a war-torn country © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Repetitive acts of mobility are referred to as circulation Repetitive acts of mobility are referred to as circulation. We all have paths of circulation in our lives.

While we might take it for granted, for billions of people in the world, mobility is just a dream.

A permanent move to a new location constitutes migration. Emigration is migration from a location. Immigration is migration to a location. The flow of migration always involves two-way connections. If number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants, then a positive net migration exists. If number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants, then a negative net migration exists. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants is a place’s net migration.

A place has either net in-migration or net out- migration

250,000 Per year 700,000 -450,000 IN OUT Net out-migration

Global pattern reflects migration from developing countries to developed countries. Net Out-Migration Asia, Latin America, and Africa Net In-Migration North America, Europe, and Oceania

FIGURE 3-6 GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS The width of the arrows shows the amount of net migration between regions of the world. Countries with net in-migration are in red, and those with net outmigration are in blue.

RAVENSTEIN’S MODEL E.G. RAVENSTEIN wrote ‘3 rules’ that govern migration. We will look at these later this week. But for now, only his first. RAVENSTEIN’S LAW #1…. Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity. 19th Century geographer E. G. Ravenstein wrote a series of “laws” about the tendencies of migrants. At the time, the word, law, was known to mean theory. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

International Migration- permanent move from one country to another 2 Categories of Migration: International Migration- permanent move from one country to another Voluntary – CHOSE to move Forced – COMPELLED to move International Migration- Voluntary international migration could be motivated by perceived economic or quality of life improvement. Forced international migration is motivated by political or environmental factors. Internal Migration- Interregional – movement from one region to another. i.e. rural to urban. Intraregional- movement within a region. i.e. central city to a newer suburban center.

Most VOLUNTARY migration is driven by the want to find better economic conditions.

Most FORCED migration is caused by war, oppression, or natural disasters. People in La Paz, Bolivia forced from their homes by landslides now live in a camp outside the city.

Brutal fighting in Syria has forced more than HALF of the country’s population from their homes.

2 Categories of Migration: 2.) Internal Migration- permanent move within the same country Interregional – Movement between regions of a country Intraregional – movement within the same region

FIGURE 3.4 INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION Mexico has international migration into the country from Central America and out of the country to the United States. Mexico also has internal migration, especially interregional migration to states near the U.S. border and intraregional migration into Mexico City. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

MIGRATION TRANSITION STAGE 1: High DAILY or SEASONAL mobility in search of food. STAGE 2: High INTERNATIONAL emigration and INTERREGIONAL migration from rural to urban areas. STAGE 3: High INTERNATIONAL immigration and interregional migration from cities to suburbs STAGE 4: Same as Stage 3, with some movement back into cities.

Approximately 9 percent of the world’s people are international migrants – living in a country they were not born in. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

U.S. has more foreign-born residents than any other country: approximately 43 million currently live here. First era was marked by immigration from Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa. Most from Africa were forced to migrate as slaves. In the beginning of the second era, most migrants came from northern and western Europe. By the turn of the 20th Century, most migrants came from southern and eastern Europe. Third era marked a shift in the sending continents. Asia and Latin America were primary places of migrant origins.

1.) Late 17th/Early 18th centuries 3 Eras of US Immigration 1.) Late 17th/Early 18th centuries About 2 million Europeans migrated to the US. Landed in original settlements in the region- places like Jamestown and Plymouth, which grew steadily into the 13 Colonies. 90% were from Great Britain.

2.) Late 18th/Early 19th centuries 3 Eras of US Immigration 2.) Late 18th/Early 19th centuries Between 1820 and 1920 approximately 32 million people emigrated to the United States- >90% from Europe. Migration to the US during this era came in FOUR WAVES:

EUROPEAN WAVES OF IMMIGRRATION TO U.S. 1.) 1840s-50s: Irish and German- Northern Europe 2.) 1870s: Irish and German- Northern Europe 3.) 1880s: Scandinavia- Northern Europe 4.) 1905-14: Southern and Eastern Europe ALL of these waves were caused by overpopulation as home countries entered Stage 2.

European Immigrants to US GERMANY, 7.2 million Italy, 5.4 million UK, 5.3 million Ireland, 4.8 million Russia, 4.1 million

Immigration to the United States came to a sudden halt as the world slipped into a violent epoch. WWI, the Great Depression, and WWII kept the path to America closed for most immigrants.

Modern Immigration to U.S. Immigrants from Asian and Latin American countries now account for the majority of arrivals in America.

Second and Third US Population Waves FIGURE 3-7 IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES Europeans comprised more than 90 percent of immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth century. Since the 1980s, Latin American and Asia have been the dominant sources of immigrants. FIGURE 3-8 DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS BY U.S. STATE California, New York, Florida, and Texas are the leading destinations for immigrants. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mexico officially beat Germany and became the country with the most emigrants to America only a few years ago. However, because millions of Mexicans live in America without documentation, this most likely actually happened back in the 80s.

FIGURE 3-8 DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS BY U. S FIGURE 3-8 DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS BY U.S. STATE California, New York, Florida, and Texas are the leading destinations for immigrants. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.