Unit 2 Review Expanding Zones of Exchange: Gupta Empire, Tang & Song Dynasties, Byzantine Empire, Islamic Civilization, Medieval Europe & the Crusades

Unit 2, Section 1 – Expanding Zones of Exchange – Gupta Empire, Tang and Song Dynasties, Byzantine Empire Gupta Empire of India, Tang and Song Dynasties of China = a time of achievement/learning/good things happening = a “golden age”!

The Byzantine Empire – the eastern part of the former Roman empire Unit 2, Section 1 – Expanding Zones of Exchange – Gupta Empire, Tang and Song Dynasties, Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire – the eastern part of the former Roman empire Constantinople – trading center Justinian Code – important because it was the basis of legal code for the Byzantine Empire Preserved Greco-Roman culture Cultural diffusion to Russia – spread Eastern Orthodox Christianity and the Cyrillic alphabet

Unit 2, Section 1 – Expanding Zones of Exchange – Gupta Empire, Tang and Song Dynasties, Byzantine Empire Spread of Islam 632 CE: Mohammad, the founder of Islam, dies Did not name successor, split between Shi’a (believed caliphs – leaders – must be descended from Mohammed) and Sunni (believed that the first four caliphs were “rightly guided” occurred) Ummayad and Abbasid Caliphates helped spread Islam across Africa, Asia and Europe Islam experienced a golden age in the 700s and 800s

Muslim Civilization Art – beautiful writing, patterns, architecture (adapted Byzantine domes and arches), painted people and animals in nonreligious art Literature – Quran, oral poetry, stories Learning – Translated Greek writings, developed algebra, observed Earth turning and measured its circumference Medicine – doctors, hospitals, studied diseases, wrote medical books

After the Roman empire collapsed, the Middle Ages began. Unit 2, Section 1 – Expanding Zones of Exchange – Islamic Civilization, Medieval Europe & the Crusades After the Roman empire collapsed, the Middle Ages began. It lasted from about 500 to the 1400s in Europe. Feudalism was the political and social system into which people were organized.

Unit 2, Section2 – Expanding Zones of Exchange – Islamic Civilization, Medieval Europe & the Crusades The Feudal System Decentralized government. Each group of people had responsibilities. Chivalry: code of behavior that knights had to follow. A piece of land given in exchange for military service was called a fief.

Unit 2, Section2 – Expanding Zones of Exchange – Islamic Civilization, Medieval Europe & the Crusades People lived on manors, where each had a job. The king owned the manor, the knights protected the king, vassals, and serfs, and the serfs worked the land and had other jobs. This economic system is called manorialism.

Unit 2, Section2 – Expanding Zones of Exchange – Islamic Civilization, Medieval Europe & the Crusades The black plague broke out in 1347. It killed almost 25 million people in Europe! Effects Population decline Trade decline Manor system fell apart – serfs left for more money Church lost importance Pessimistic attitude toward life Causes Disease carried by fleas on rats Conditions in Europe Poor hygiene and health Poor sanitation Overcrowded homes

The Roman Catholic Church Unit 2, Section2 – Expanding Zones of Exchange – Islamic Civilization, Medieval Europe & the Crusades The Roman Catholic Church Performed religious as well as secular (non-religious duties) Huge cathedrals were built to honor God The Middle Ages is known as the Age of Faith

Unit 2, Section2 – Expanding Zones of Exchange – Islamic Civilization, Medieval Europe & the Crusades In the 1000s, Muslims invaded and conquered Palestine. This area is very important to both Muslims and Christians. The Christian Church wanted the Muslims out of Palestine, and fought a series of wars called the Crusades, CAUSES Christians want to take the Holy Land back from Muslims. People want to get rich and gain land. People want to see new places. EFFECTS More trade Muslims/Christians hate each other Europeans become interested in traveling CULTURAL DIFFUSION!!! History’s “most successful failures”