Sexual Assault The Victim, the Perpetrators, and the Criminal Justice System Second Edition Copyright 2005, 2009, 2018 Frances P. Reddington and Betsy Wright Kreisel All Rights Reserved Power Point Presentation by: Mark A. Noe Power Point Presentation: Copyright 2001 Copyright © 2018 Frances P. Reddington, Betsy Wright Kreisel and Mark Noe Sexual Assault

Overview Part II - The Victims Part I - The Crime Part II - The Victims Part III - The Often Unacknowledged Victim Part IV - The Offenders Part V - The Criminal Justice System Part VI - Public Fear and Legislative Response Copyright © 2018 Frances P. Reddington, Betsy Wright Kreisel and Mark Noe

Part I The Crime Chapter 1 An Overview of Sexual Assault Movie the Accused (1988) based on the New Bedford Case involving a Portuguese women , Cheryl Araujo The movie depicted the victim, played by Jodie Foster, as just that, a victim In contrast to the storybook ending in which the victim is vindicated, the initial news coverage of the trial generated a media frenzy leading the Portuguese community t o eventually vilify the victim for her own victimization and in essence treat the perpetrators as if they were heroes (Chancer 1998). Tammy Garland Pages 3 - 4 Copyright © 2018 Frances P. Reddington, Betsy Wright Kreisel and Mark Noe Sexual Assault

What is Sexual Assault? The word rape stems from the Latin word rapere - “to take by force” The term “Sexual Assault” has been used to characterize the word rape in less offensive and unthreatening manner Most literature focuses 1960s - 1970s brought about the major concerns about rape throughout the world Review Table 1. Summary of Definitionnal Elements of Rape and Other Sex Offenses as Used in the U.S. Department of Justice Statistical Series Page 5 Copyright © 2018 Frances P. Reddington, Betsy Wright Kreisel and Mark Noe Sexual Assault

The Crime Sex crimes, or sexual assault is another term for rape Child abuse Attempted rape Rape by threat Use of force Sexual harassment (Reddington & Kreisel 2009) Copyright © 2018 Frances P. Reddington, Betsy Wright Kreisel and Mark Noe Sexual Assault

Characteristics and Statistics Most rapists tend to be young white males The majority of rapes go unreported, why? History shows that women were regarded as “property” Feminist Movements in 1960s – 1970s Why do men rape? Power Anger Sadism Why do people rape. It is a crime which can be committed by either males or females. Copyright © 2018 Frances P. Reddington, Betsy Wright Kreisel and Mark Noe Sexual Assault

Problems with Rape Statistics Majority of rapes/sexual assaults go unreported Until 1973, rape statistics were not even collected Most victims have no desire to tell anyone The definition has been vague as to what constitutes the crime of rape Many victims fail to understand the definition of rape Afraid they will not be believed by family and friends Pages 8 – 9 Copyright © 2018 Frances P. Reddington, Betsy Wright Kreisel and Mark Noe Sexual Assault

The History of Sexual Victimization Why have men been able to subjugate women without any fear of retribution? Why should women remain afraid of being assaulted in the streets? Is centuries of subjugation through violence a difficult phenomenon to overcome? Page 9 Copyright © 2018 Frances P. Reddington, Betsy Wright Kreisel and Mark Noe Sexual Assault

The Law and Rape Man would rape his intended bride to “stake his claim” Under the system of lex talionis (an eye for an eye), men were permitted to rape the assailant’s wife if his daughter had been raped (Brownmiller 1975) Slaves were forbidden to marry; therefore the rape of black women was not sanctioned by law Prior to the 1970’s, the criminal justice system in the United States approached rape cases with disregard Pages 9 - 11 Copyright © 2018 Frances P. Reddington, Betsy Wright Kreisel and Mark Noe Sexual Assault

Slavery and Rape Sexual victimization in the United States during the 16th and 17th centuries was common practice Slaves were forbidden to marry; therefore the rape of a black woman was not sanctioned by law Female slaves were also raped by their black brothers (Van Wormer and Bartollas 2000) Rape among female slaves was not punishable but encouraged since a union might produce another “piece of property”, a child Frances P. Reddington and Betsy Wright Kreisel (2005, 2009) Copyright © 2018 Frances P. Reddington, Betsy Wright Kreisel and Mark Noe Sexual Assault

The full set of 118 slides is available to professors upon adoption of this book. If you are using it for a class, please contact Beth at bhall@cap-press.com to request your copy of the PowerPoint presentations. Copyright © 2018 Frances P. Reddington, Betsy Wright Kreisel and Mark Noe