I. Review: The Early Modern Period (roughly 1450 to 1750) Overview of Unit IV: 1750-1914: The Age of Revolution, Industry, and Empire I. Review: The Early Modern Period (roughly 1450 to 1750) The Eastern and Western hemispheres entered into sustained contact with each other. European power increases through Maritime trade links The constant competition between European societies. Leslie Carter Myrtle Beach High School   LCarter@horrycountyschools.net

II. 1750-1914 Europeans will take their advantages, and turn them into global hegemony Control internal affairs of most of Africa and Asia Euro-Americans will control most of the western hemisphere Both will take control of the Pacific Islands, Oceania

III. How? 1. Revolutions- will transform European and American societies a. The American Revolution b. The Enlightenment in action c. The French Revolution and Napoleon d. Saint-Domingue and the Haitian Revolution e. Revolutions in Mexico and South and Central America f. The rise of nationalism g. Nation-states

2. Industrialization a. Harnessing of inanimate sources of energy- machines for labor b. Organize production in factories c. Both= the ability to produce lots of high quality goods at low cost d. Industrialization also = innovation e. Economies of industrial societies boom, industrialization does cause suffering, especially in its initial stages. The benefits are not spread evenly among a society f. overtime- the standards of living will increase in industrial societies g. Its birth is in Britain, but it will spread h. Its effects will be felt all over the world

3. Imperialism a. Industrialization brings political, military, economic power to societies b. European transportation, communication, military advances c. The Europeans will come to control most of Asia and Africa d. The U.S. and Japan will also become imperialistic societies IV. Effects all over the World 1. Western Europe, The United States 2. Some try to reform their societies- The Ottomans, Russians, Chinese, Japanese 3. Some areas fall under the control of imperial powers

Revolutions I. Introduction- story of Olympe de Gouges 1. The rights of women 2. July 1789, the French Revolution a. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen b. Equality and freedom for all c. Women have no right to vote d. Patriarchal authority remained 3. 1791- The Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen

1. A series of revolutions will rock the world a. Inalienable rights for women- right to vote, free speech, hold political office b. She gets lots of attention, but little support 4. 1793- her execution a. Queen Marie Antoinette Lesson Overview 1. A series of revolutions will rock the world a. The British colonies in North America b. The French Revolution

c. Sainte-Domingue- (Haiti) d. Latin Americans declare themselves free from Spain and Portugal e. Global effects 2. Spread of Enlightenment ideas a. Revolutionary leaders argued for popular sovereignty b. The ideas spread c. Mid 1900s- the place of freedom and equality in the world 3. Rise of Nationalism a. Consolidation of nation-states b. Negative effects on some societies- Austria c. Creation of Italy and Germany

The Enlightenment

I. Review: 1. Most agricultural societies in history have been ruled by Kings, monarchs 2. Justifications for their rule a. Divine sanction or authority China’s Mandate of Heaven Europe’s “divine right of Kings”

II. The Enlightenment 1. The Scientific Revolution 2. Philosophes 3. The notion of progress 4. John Locke (1632-1704) a. The Second Treatise of Civil Government b. In the remote past, human beings lived in the state of nature c. The state of nature quickly turned dangerous= state of war

d. To escape the dangers, people agreed to form civil societies e. Still had natural rights- life, liberty, property f. Governments exist to protect these rights= the social contract theory g. Therefore the power of government derives from the people

h. If a government is not doing its job, the people have the right to abolish it. 4. Montesquieu (1689-1755) a. The Spirit of the Laws b. Political power consists of three separate powers- legislative, executive, and judicial[ c. In a happy society the three powers are separated

d. Each branch should also possess a check on the other two branches 5. Voltaire (1694-1778) Resented the power of the Church and the French monarchy Stressed the importance of individual rights and freedoms- speech, press, religion etc.

6. Rousseau (1712-1778) Stressed equality b. Condemned the social and legal privileges of aristocrats c. Every person regardless of his role contributes to society d. Equality before the law e. The Social Contract f. All members should govern society g. Woman’s rights too

7. The truth about the Enlightenment thinkers a. All= educated, talented men b. Most were wealthy….but were not part of the noble class c. Many were seeking to increase their own positions and power d. The idea of governing with women, peasants, slaves? 8. Global Influence a. Their ideas will challenge lots of long established notions b. Revolutionary leaders will justify their actions with many of their ideas c. Once the ideas are out, they will spread beyond the educated, revolutionary leaders.