In 1955, Rosa Parks’ arrest for disobeying an Alabama law requiring segregation on city buses sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

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In 1955, Rosa Parks’ arrest for disobeying an Alabama law requiring segregation on city buses sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Minister Martin Luther King, Jr Minister Martin Luther King, Jr. organized a 381-day boycott of the bus system to protest segregation The boycott led to the integration of city buses & to the rise of MLK as the leader of black civil rights

The success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott led MLK to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957 The SCLC was based on peaceful resistance & Christian love: “We will meet your physical force with soul force. We will not hate you, but we will not obey your evil laws. We will wear you down by pure capacity to suffer.” The SCLC was formed to use activism & non-violent protest to bring an end to segregation The SCLC soon overtook the NAACP as the leading civil rights group in America

Martin Luther King’s non-violent approach inspired other groups to act In 1960, students from NC A&T led a sit-in at a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, NC

Non-violent resistance training, Atlanta 1960 The “sit-in” movement led to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Non-violent resistance training, Atlanta 1960

In 1961 “Freedom Riders” rode buses throughout the South to test whether integration orders were being enforced Freedom riders faced arrest & violence but exposed the lack of enforcement of desegregation laws in the Deep South

In 1963, MLK organized a march to integrate Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham was considered the “most segregated city in America” MLK’s strategy was to confront segregation through peaceful marches, rallies, & boycotts Dr. King called Birmingham “the most segregated big city in the South”

Birmingham Police commissioner Bull Connor used violence to suppress the demonstrations

During the march in Birmingham, MLK was arrested While in jail, MLK wrote an open letter called “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” in response to white leaders who believed King was pushing too fast towards civil rights

The Birmingham march was a turning point in the Civil Rights movement TV reports of the violence in Birmingham made it difficult for average Americans to ignore segregation Public outrage over police brutality forced Birmingham officials to end segregation Events in Birmingham revealed the need for greater action by the national government

Among those watching the violence on TV was President John F Kennedy who committed to a national civil rights act to end discrimination