by Management Information Systems - 1 BGV Kiran Kumar Session 4 Oct 2017

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3 Learning Outcomes 1.Understand the evolution of computer hardware. 2.Describe the types and use of mainframe, midrange and microcomputer systems. 3.Outline the major technologies used in a computer system for input, output, and storage.

4 The Growth of Hardware Technology 1.History Of Computers:

5 Discussion Agenda  Evolution of Computer Hardware  The Computer System  Computer memory and storage

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7 Early Computing 1800s Jacquard invented the punched card for variable weaving patterns Once they were encoded, the program could be duplicated multiple times with accuracy Babbage adapted this in his analytical engine Hollerith introduced electrical contacts to record the output 1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) First Digital computer which was programmable Used vacuum tubes (around 18000) Would fill room 39 by 39 feet !! Late 1950s Transistors replaced vacuum tubes Smaller, faster, cooler “ENIAC was formally dedicated at the University of Pennsylvania on February 15, 1946 and was heralded as a "Giant Brain" by the press. It had a speed on the order of one thousand times faster than that of electro- mechanical machines; this computational power, coupled with general-purpose programmability, excited scientists and industrialists alike.” Wikipedia.

8 Waves of Computing First Generation - Prior to 1950 Vacuum tubes Second Generation - Late 1950s Transistors & integrated circuits – Jack Kilby 200,000 to 250,000 calculations per second Third Generation - Mid-1960s Integrated circuitry and miniaturization Fourth Generation Further miniaturization Multiprogramming and virtual storage

9 How Do We Categorize Computer Systems ?

10 Micro Computing Most important category of computing devices both for industrial and personal purposes Find great use as technical workstations for heavy mathematical computing and graphical needs (CAD) Also used as network servers for resource sharing in smaller Local Area Networks (LANs)

11 Midrange Computers High-end network servers Integrated enterprise-wide business applications Large Internet websites Corporate intranets and extranets Setting up departmental data marts for analytical processing Not as powerful as mainframes. Less expensive to buy, operate, and maintain

12 Mainframe Computers Large, fast, powerful computer systems Large primary storage capacity High transaction processing Handles complex computations Widely used as superservers for… Large client/server networks High-volume Internet websites Becoming popular computing platform for… Electronic commerce applications Data mining and warehousing

13 Supercomputers Extremely powerful systems Scientific, engineering, and business applications Massive numeric computations Markets include… Government research agencies Large universities Major corporations Use parallel processing Billions to trillions of floating point operations per second (gigaflops and teraflops) Cost $5-50 million

14 Moore’s Law Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965 observed an exponential growth (doubling every 18 to 24 months) in the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits. He also predicted that this trend will continue. This holds true even today. The extension of Moore's law is that computers, machines that run on computers, and computing power all become smaller and faster with time, as transistors on integrated circuits become more efficient.

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16 The Computer System

17 Input Devices More natural ways of communicating with the computer for human beings have been developed Electronic Mouse/Trackball Touchpad/Touch screen Pen based computing. Software digitizes handwriting and hand drawing

18 Additional Input Devices Magnetic Stripe on credit cards Smart Cards Digital Cameras Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

19 Output Devices Video Displays Cathode-ray tube (CRT) Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) Plasma displays Printing Devices Dot matrix printers Inkjet printers spray ink Laser printers (electrostatic)

20 Speech as an Input Speech recognition software products digitize, analyze, and classify speech and sound patterns Compares spoken words to sound patterns in its vocabulary Passes recognized words to the application software Latest speaker-independent voice recognition systems recognize words from voices not heard earlier Voice-messaging computers (IVRS using voice) IT in Healthcare – Case 2 in the book on Butler Memorial Hospital Smart use of voice recognition technologies allows hospitals to improve the quality of care while keeping costs down

21 Optical Scanning Devices Converts text or graphics to digital Document management library system Scanners Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Reads characters and codes on product tags, utility bills etc. Automatically sort documents Scoring of tests

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23 Computer Memory and Storage

24 Types of Semiconductor Memory Primary storage (main memory) of the computers consists of microelectronic semiconductor chips. Random Access Memory (RAM) 1.Most widely used primary storage medium 2.Volatile memory 3.Read/write memory Read-Only Memory (ROM) 1.Permanent primary storage 2.Can be read, but not overwritten 3.Frequently used programs are burnt into chips during manufacturing process (called firmware) Flash/USB drive Small chip containing 1000s of transistors programmed to store data without need for power on a read-write basis

25 Secondary Storage Magnetic Disk Fast access and high capacity Reasonable cost Magnetic Tape Tape reels, cassettes, and cartridges Archival and backup storage Lower-cost storage solution

26 Bits and Bytes Representing characters in bytes Binary to decimal number conversion The smallest element of data is called a bit (binary digit) It can have a value of 0 or 1 A byte consists of 8 bits and represents one character of data The capacity of a computer’s memory or secondary storage is hence expressed in terms of bytes Various arrangements of bits form bytes which represent numbers 0-9, alphabets and other characters

27 Quiz 1.Which of the following would perform the required mathematical and logic operations of a central processing unit (CPU)? a)Control unit b)Arithmetic-logic unit c)RAID unit d)Fuzzy logic unit 2.Moore's Law refers to the exponential growth in the number of transistors per integrated circuit, which quadruples computer power every six months. a)True b)False

28 Q & A

by Management Information Systems - 1 BGV Kiran Kumar Session 4 Oct 2017