1. Chapter 3 Computer Hardware McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Learning Objectives
Understand the history and evolution of computer hardware.
Identify the major types and uses of microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe computer systems.
Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage.

3. Learning Objectives
Identify and give examples of the components and functions of a computer system.
Identify the computer systems and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice, and explain the reasons for your selection.

4. Counting on fingers and toes Stone or bead abacus
Early Computing
1880s
Punched cards turned sensors On or Off
1946
ENIAC
First Digital computer - programmable
Used vacuum tubes
Would fill room 39 ft by 39 ft
Late 1950s
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
Smaller, faster, cooler
Counting on fingers and toes
Stone or bead abacus
Calculate comes from calculus, the Latin word for stone
1642: first mechanical adding machine
Invented by Blaise Pascal
Wheels moved counters
Modified in 1674 by Von Leibnitz
Age of industrialization
Mechanical loomed used punch cards
19th Century
Charles Babbage proposed the Analytical Engine, which could calculate, store values in memory, perform logical comparisons
Never built because of lack of electronics
1880s
Hollerith’s punched cards used to record census data using On/Off patterns
The holes turned sensors On or Off when run through tabulating machine
This company became the foundation for IBM
First Generation Computer
ENIAC
Programmable
5000 calculations per second
Used vacuum tubes
Drawbacks were size and processing ability
1950s
ENIAC replaced by UNIVAC 1, then the IBM 704
Calculations jumped to 100,000 per second

5. First Generation - Prior to 1950 Second Generation - Late 1950s
Waves of Computing
First Generation - Prior to 1950
Vacuum tubes
Second Generation - Late 1950s
Transistors & integrated circuits – Jack Kilby
200,000 to 250,000 calculations per second
Third Generation - Mid-1960s
Integrated circuitry and miniaturization
Fourth Generation
Further miniaturization
Multiprogramming and virtual storage
Fifth Generation s
Millions of calculations per second
Jack Kilby. was a Nobel Prize laureate in physics in 2000 for his invention of
the integrated circuit in 1958 while working at Texas Instruments (TI). He is also
the inventor of the handheld calculator and thermal printer. Without his work that
generated a patent for a “Solid Circuit made of Germanium,” our worlds, and most
certainly our computers, would be much different and less productive than we
enjoy today.

6. Age of Microcomputers 1975 1977 1979 1982 MITS introduced ALTAIR 8800.
Commodore and Radio Shack
1979
Apple computer, fastest selling
Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak
1982
IBM introduced the PC
Changed the market
Usually called a personal computer or PC
Computing power now exceeds that of the mainframes of previous generations
Relatively inexpensive
Are the networked professional workstations used by business processions
Versions include hand-held, notebook, laptop, tablet, portable, desktop, and floor-standing

7. Information Appliances
Hand-held microcomputer devices
Known as personal digital assistants (PDAs)
Web-enabled
Touch screens, handwriting recognition, keypads
Access or the Web
Exchange data with desktop PCs or servers
Latest entrant is the BlackBerry
PDAs include
Video-game consoles
Cellular and PCS phones
Telephone-based home appliances
iPhone 4

8. High-end network servers Not as powerful as mainframes
Midrange Systems
High-end network servers
Large-scale processing of business applications
Not as powerful as mainframes
Less expensive to buy, operate, and maintain
Often used to manage
Large Internet websites
Corporate intranets and extranets
Integrated, enterprise-wide applications
Used as front-end servers
Assist mainframes with telecommunications and networks

9. Mainframe Computer Systems
Large, fast, powerful computer systems
Large primary storage capacity
High transaction processing
Handles complex computations
Widely used as superservers for…
Large client/server networks
High-volume Internet websites
Becoming popular computing platform for…
Electronic commerce applications
Data mining and warehousing

10. Supercomputer Systems
Extremely powerful systems
Scientific, engineering, and business applications
Massive numeric computations
Markets include…
Government research agencies
Large universities
Major corporations
Uses parallel processing
Billions to trillions of operations per second
(gigaflops and teraflops)
Costs $5 to $50 million
It makes sense for large companies and the government to have Super Computers. Why do large universities have them? It can't take that much to run a university. RESEARCH

11. Storage Capacity Measurement
Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytes
Megabyte (MB): one million bytes
Gigabyte (GB): one billion bytes
Terabyte (TB): one trillion bytes
Petabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytes

12. Types of Semiconductor Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Most widely used primary storage medium
Volatile memory
Read/write memory
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Permanent storage
Can be read, but not overwritten
Frequently used programs burnt into chips during manufacturing process
Called firmware
Flash Drive
Microelectronic semiconductor memory chips are used for primary storage
Advantages: small size, fast, shock and temperature resistance
Disadvantages: volatility; must have uninterrupted electric power or loses memory
RAM is the area in your computer where it uses programs to work on your data or documents
ROM is permanent unchangeable memory where the instructions to get your computer up and running is stored.
Flash Drive, Jump Drive, Travel Drive, Memory stick
newest and most innovative form of storage using semiconductor memory
more later

13. Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks
RAID Storage
Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks
Arrays of hard disk drives
Virtually unlimited online storage
6 to more than 100 small hard disk drives in a single unit
Data are accessed in parallel over multiple paths from many disks
Redundant storage of data on several disks provides fault-tolerant capacity
Storage area networks can interconnect many RAID units
Multiple cabinets with multiple disks
Redundant same information store in multiple locations for backups if data is lost or damaged
Helped minimize impact of 9-11 attack

14. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
One of the newest and fastest growing storage technologies
System for tagging and identifying moving objects
Merchandise, postal packages, casino chips, pets
Tag 1 inch square
Chips half the size of a grain of sand
Passive chips derive power from reader signal
Active chips are self-powered
Privacy Issues
RFID vs Bar Coding
RFID
Scans from greater distance
Can store data
Allows more information to be tracked
Privacy concerns
Invisible nature of the system
Transmit sophisticated messages
Human tracking
Attendance

15. Predictions for the Future
Biological memories
Health remedies
Longer life spans
Virtual activities
Memory recall