1. Computer Hardware

2. Learning Objectives
Understand the history and evolution of computer hardware.
Identify the major types and uses of microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe computer systems.
Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage.

3. Learning Objectives
Identify and give examples of the components and functions of a computer system.
Identify the computer systems and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice, and explain the reasons for your selection.

4. Information System Resources
Dr. Oualid (Walid) Ben Ali, HoD MIS

6. Early Computing 1880s 1946 Late 1950s Counting on fingers and toes
Punched cards turned sensors On or Off
1946
ENIAC
First Digital computer - programmable
Used vacuum tubes
Would fill room 39 ft by 39 ft
Late 1950s
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
Smaller, faster, cooler
Counting on fingers and toes
Stone or bead abacus
Calculate comes from calculus, the Latin word for stone
1642: first mechanical adding machine
Invented by Blaise Pascal
Wheels moved counters
Modified in 1674 by Von Leibnitz
Age of industrialization
Mechanical loomed used punch cards
19th Century
Charles Babbage proposed the Analytical Engine, which could calculate, store values in memory, perform logical comparisons
Never built because of lack of electronics
1880s
Hollerith’s punched cards used to record census data using On/Off patterns
The holes turned sensors On or Off when run through tabulating machine
This company became the foundation for IBM
First Generation Computer
ENIAC
Programmable
5000 calculations per second
Used vacuum tubes
Drawbacks were size and processing ability
1950s
ENIAC replaced by UNIVAC 1, then the IBM 704
Calculations jumped to 100,000 per second

7. Waves of Computing First Generation - Prior to 1950
Vacuum tubes
Second Generation - Late 1950s
Transistors & integrated circuits – Jack Kilby
200,000 to 250,000 calculations per second
Third Generation - Mid-1960s
Integrated circuitry and miniaturization
Fourth Generation
Further miniaturization
Multiprogramming and virtual storage
Fifth Generation s
Millions of calculations per second
Jack Kilby. was a Nobel Prize laureate in physics in 2000 for his invention of
the integrated circuit in 1958 while working at Texas Instruments (TI). He is also
the inventor of the handheld calculator and thermal printer. Without his work that
generated a patent for a “Solid Circuit made of Germanium,” our worlds, and most
certainly our computers, would be much different and less productive than we
enjoy today.

8. Age of Microcomputers 1975 1977 1979 1982 MITS introduced ALTAIR 8800.
Commodore and Radio Shack
1979
Apple computer, fastest selling
Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak
1982
IBM introduced the PC
Changed the market
Usually called a personal computer or PC
Computing power now exceeds that of the mainframes of previous generations
Relatively inexpensive
Are the networked professional workstations used by business processions
Versions include hand-held, notebook, laptop, tablet, portable, desktop, and floor-standing

9. Categories of Computer Systems
Page 83
Nanocomputers – computing devices smaller than microcomputer
Workstations
Supports have mathematical computer and graphics display demands
CAD, investment and portfolio analysis
Network Servers
More powerful than workstations
Coordinates telecommunications and resource sharing
Supports small networks and Internet or intranet websites

10. Mainframe Computer Systems
Large, fast, powerful computer systems
Large primary storage capacity
High transaction processing
Handles complex computations
Widely used as superservers for…
Large client/server networks
High-volume Internet websites
Becoming popular computing platform for…
Electronic commerce applications
Data mining and warehousing

11. Midrange Systems High-end network servers
Large-scale processing of business applications
Not as powerful as mainframes
Less expensive to buy, operate, and maintain
Often used to manage
Large Internet websites
Corporate intranets and extranets
Integrated, enterprise-wide applications
Used as front-end servers
Assist mainframes with telecommunications and networks

12. Supercomputer Systems
Extremely powerful systems
Scientific, engineering, and business applications
Massive numeric computations
Markets include…
Government research agencies
Large universities
Major corporations
Uses parallel processing
Billions to trillions of operations per second
(gigaflops and teraflops)
Costs $5 to $50 million
It makes sense for large companies and the government to have Super Computers. Why do large universities have them? It can't take that much to run a university. RESEARCH

13. Recommended PC Features

14. Corporate PC Criteria Solid performance, reasonable price
Operating system ready
Connectivity
Network interface cards
Wireless capabilities

15. Information Appliances
Hand-held microcomputer devices
Known as personal digital assistants (PDAs)
Web-enabled
Touch screens, handwriting recognition, keypads
Access or the Web
Exchange data with desktop PCs or servers
Latest entrant is the BlackBerry
PDAs include
Video-game consoles
Cellular and PCS phones
Telephone-based home appliances
iPhone 4 and smart phones

16. Computer System Concept
A system of hardware devices organized by function
Input
Keyboards, touch screens, pens, electronic mice, optical scanners
Converts data into electronic form for entry into computer system
Processing
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU subunits: arithmetic-logic and control unit
Output
Video display units, printers, audio response units, and so on
Converts electronic information into human-intelligible form
Storage
Primary storage (memory)
Secondary storage (disk drives)
Control
CPU controls other components of the system

17. Computer Processing Speeds
Commonly called “clock speed”
Early computers
Milliseconds (thousandths of a second)
Microseconds (millionths of a second)
Current computers
Nanoseconds (billionth of a second)
Picoseconds (trillionth of a second)
Program instruction processing speeds
Megahertz (millions of cycles per second)
Gigahertz (billions of cycles per second)
Throughput
The ability to perform useful computation or data processing assignments during a given period
Speed is dependant on…
Size of circuitry paths
Capacity of instruction processing registers
High-speed cache memory
Specialized microprocessor
Math coprocessor

18. Common corollary of Moore’s Law…
The number of transistors per integrated circuit doubles every 18 to 24 months
Originally observed in 1965
Holds true today
Common corollary of Moore’s Law…
Computing prices will be cut in half every 18 to 24 months
Consistently accurate
Applies to cost of storage as well

19. Peripherals Advice Peripheral Online devices Offline devices
Parts of the computer system, not the CPU
Are all online devices
Online devices
Separate from the CPU, but connected
Offline devices
Separate from and not controlled by CPU

20. Input Technologies Keyboard Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Electronic Mouse
Trackball
Pointing stick
Touchpad
Touch screen
Keyboard
Still most widely used input device
Ergonomic keyboards
DVORAK vs QWERTY keyboard
Research differences
Available on every computer?
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Icons, menus, windows, buttons, bars
Selected with pointing devices
Electronic Mouse
Most popular pointing device
Trackball
Stationary device, similar to mouse
Roller ball moves cursor on screen
Pointing Stick
Small eraser-head device
Touchpad
Small, rectangular, touch-sensitive surface
Usually on keyboard
Cursor moves in direction your finger moves
Touch Screen
Use computer by touching screen
Screen emits a grid of infrared beams, sound waves, or electric current
Grid is broken when screen is touched

21. Pen-Based Computing Used in Tablet PCs and PDAs
Pressure-sensitive layer, similar to touch screen, under liquid crystal display screen
Software digitizes handwriting, hand printing, and hand drawing

22. Speech Recognition Software
Digitize, analyze, and classify speech and sound patterns
Compares to sound patterns in its vocabulary
Passes recognized words to the application software
Speaker-independent voice recognition systems
Recognizes words from never heard voice
Voice-messaging computers
The future of data entry
Easiest, most natural means of human communication
Recognizing speech patterns
Discrete speech (Early versions) recognition required pauses between each word and speech training
Continuous speech recognition software (CSR) recognized continuous, conversationally paced speech
Now speaker independent – interprets never heard voice

23. Optical Scanning Converts text or graphics to digital
Document management library system
Scanners
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Reads characters and codes
Optical scanning wands
Converts text or graphics to digital
Direct entry from source documents
Document management library system
Scans
Organizes
Stores
Scanners
Desktop models
Compact
Low cost
Ease of use
Larger, more expensive flatbed scanners are
Larger
Faster
High-resolution color

24. Optical Scanning QR code? Converts text or graphics to digital
Direct entry from source documents
Document management library system
Scans
Organizes
Stores
Scanners
Desktop models
Compact
Low cost
Ease of use
Larger, more expensive flatbed scanners are
Larger
Faster
High-resolution color

25. Optical Scanning Converts text or graphics to digital
Direct entry from source documents
Document management library system
Scans
Organizes
Stores
Scanners
Desktop models
Compact
Low cost
Ease of use
Larger, more expensive flatbed scanners are
Larger
Faster
High-resolution color

26. Other Input Technologies
Magnetic Stripe on credit cards
Smart Cards
Digital Cameras
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
Magnetic Stripe on credit cards
Smart Cards
Microprocessor chip and memory on credit card
More in Europe than in the U.S.
Digital Cameras
Photos
Full-motion video with audio
Images and audio can be edited or enhanced
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
Banks magnetically read checks and deposit slips
Iron oxide-based ink
Reader-sorter equipment
Magnetizes the ink
Passes it under a reading head to sense the signal

27. Output Technologies Video Displays Printed Output
Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
Plasma displays
Printed Output
Dot matrix
Character printers
Inkjet printers spray ink
Laser printers
Electrostatic process
Similar to a photocopying machine
Video Displays
Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
Active matrix and dual scan
Plasma displays
Large TVs and flat-panel monitors
Difference between CRT, LCD and Plasma?
Size
Cost
Performance

28. Storage Tradeoffs
High-speed storage media cost more per byte and provide lower capacities.
Large-capacity storage media cost less per byte but are slower.
All storage media, especially memory chips and magnetic disks, continue to increase in speed and capacity and decrease in cost.
Developments like automated high-speed cartridge assemblies have given faster access times to magnetic tape, and the speed of optical disk drives continues to increase.
Note in Figure 3.22 that semiconductor memories are used mainly for primary storage, although they are sometimes used as high-speed secondary storage devices.
Magnetic disk and tape and optical disk devices, in contrast, are used as secondary storage devices to enlarge the storage capacity of computer systems. Also, because most primary storage circuits use RAM (random-access memory) chips, which lose their contents when electrical power is interrupted, secondary storage devices provide a more permanent type of storage media.

29. Representing Characters in Bytes
Uses a two-state or binary representation of data
On or Off
On represents the number 1
Off represents the number 0
Data are processed and stored in computer systems through the presence or absence of On/Off signals
Bit
Short for binary digit
Smallest element of data
Either zero or one
Byte
Group of eight bits
Represents one character or number
Illustration shows how ASCII codes the letters and numbers.
Left half determines whether letter or number
Right half is letter or number itself
It would be fun to have you write your name in ASCII code on a test - for me anyway

30. Using Binary Code to Calculate

31. Storage Capacity Measurement
Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytes
Megabyte (MB): one million bytes
Gigabyte (GB): one billion bytes
Terabyte (TB): one trillion bytes
Petabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytes

32. Direct and Sequential Access
Direct or Random Access
Directly store and retrieve data
Each storage position has a unique address and can be accessed in the same length of time
Semiconductor memory chips, magnetic disks
Sequential Access
Data is stored and retrieved sequentially
Must be accessed in sequence by searching through prior data
Magnetic tape
Secondary storage
Tape reels, cassettes, and cartridges
Used in robotic, automated drive assemblies
Archival and backup storage
Lower-cost storage solution

33. Types of Semiconductor Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Most widely used primary storage medium
Volatile memory
Read/write memory
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Permanent storage
Can be read, but not overwritten
Frequently used programs burnt into chips during manufacturing process
Called firmware
Flash Drive
Microelectronic semiconductor memory chips are used for primary storage
Advantages: small size, fast, shock and temperature resistance
Disadvantages: volatility; must have uninterrupted electric power or loses memory
RAM is the area in your computer where it uses programs to work on your data or documents
ROM is permanent unchangeable memory where the instructions to get your computer up and running is stored.
Flash Drive, Jump Drive, Travel Drive, Memory stick
newest and most innovative form of storage using semiconductor memory
more later

34. Flash Drives Jump drive, travel drive, etc.
Small chips thousands of transistors
Stores data virtually unlimited periods without power
Easily transported and highly durable
Storage capacity of up to 20 GB
New 1 TB
Plugs into any USB port

35. Direct Access – Magnetic Disk
Used for secondary storage
Fast access and high capacity
Reasonable cost
Floppy Disks (diskettes)
Magnetic disk inside a plastic jacket
Hard Disk Drives (hard drives)
Magnetic disk, access arms, and read/write heads in sealed module for stable environment
Fixed or removable
Capacity from several hundred MBs to hundreds of GBs

36. RAID Storage Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks
Arrays of hard disk drives
Virtually unlimited online storage
6 to more than 100 small hard disk drives in a single unit
Data are accessed in parallel over multiple paths from many disks
Redundant storage of data on several disks provides fault-tolerant capacity
Storage area networks can interconnect many RAID units
Multiple cabinets with multiple disks
Redundant same information store in multiple locations for backups if data is lost or damaged
Helped minimize impact of 9-11 attack

37. Magnetic Tape Secondary storage Tape reels, cassettes, and cartridges
Used in robotic, automated drive assemblies
Archival and backup storage
Lower-cost storage solution

38. Optical Disks Image processing Publishing medium
Long-term storage of historical image files
Storage of scanned documents
Publishing medium
Allows fast access to reference materials
Catalogs, directories, and so on
Interactive multimedia applications
Video games, educational videos, and so on

39. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
One of the newest and fastest growing storage technologies
System for tagging and identifying moving objects
Merchandise, postal packages, casino chips, pets
Tag 1 inch square
Chips half the size of a grain of sand
Passive chips derive power from reader signal
Active chips are self-powered
Privacy Issues
RFID vs Bar Coding
RFID
Scans from greater distance
Can store data
Allows more information to be tracked
Privacy concerns
Invisible nature of the system
Transmit sophisticated messages
Human tracking
Attendance

40. Predictions for the Future
Biological memories
Health remedies
Longer life spans
Virtual activities
Memory recall

41. RWC 3: Grid (cloud) Computing
Tapping into available computer power on other systems
Better use of underutilized hardware
Avoid dedicated hardware costs
Cancer Institute in New Jersey
Convert hundreds of thousands of images of cancerous tissues and cells into digital images.
Check accuracy
Diagnose and treat cancer patients faster and with more success.

42. RWC 4: Touch Screen Comes of Age
The WIMP - Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointing devices dominated for 15 years.
New human interface technologies revolutionize interaction with computers.
Microsoft and Starwood Hotels & Resorts introduce surface computing
Gesture recognition is logical extension of touch technology
A hotel guest uses a virtual concierge in the lobby can manipulate maps, photos, restaurant menus, and theater information.
Some researchers say that a logical extension of touch technology is gesture recognition, by which a system recognizes hand or finger movements across a screen or close to it without requiring an actual touch.

43. RWC 4: Touch Screen Comes of Age
A hotel guest uses a virtual concierge in the lobby can manipulate maps, photos, restaurant menus, and theater information.
Some researchers say that a logical extension of touch technology is gesture recognition, by which a system recognizes hand or finger movements across a screen or close to it without requiring an actual touch.

44. XML is becoming increasingly popular as an open standard for sharing data across organizations.
A power consortium that distributes electricity is implementing an XML-based settlements system that drives costs out of power distribution.
In Ohio, almost 1,000 police departments have found critical new crime-fighting tools by gaining access to the digital records kept by neighboring law enforcement agencies.
The Ohio Law Enforcement Gateway Search Engine is an Internet-based tool that can securely comb through numerous crime databases using a single log-in and query, making it easier to use than separate crime databases.