Ottoman, Meiji, Qing Western Influences

Decline of the Ottoman Empire Conservative  Do not want change Even if they need to… 1700’s - armies had fallen behind in technology and size Central government was weakened by nationalism developing in diverse Empire Provinces become independent & rely on private armies European powers captured Balkan Peninsula

Ottoman: Napoleon invades Egypt - 1789

Ottoman Empire Muhammad Ali (Ottoman viceroy – basically an independent ruler) seized power in Egypt after Napoleon’s failed conquest Built a powerful army sponsored industrialization in cotton textiles and weapons Modernized Egypt now a vital strategic location The Suez Canal

Ottoman Empire Decrease in trade and losing territory Europe could now trade directly with China Became reliant on foreign loans = DEBT

Ottoman Empire Mahmud II tried “western” reforms: Army Secondary education Roads, telegraph, and postal service Opposition to Reforms religious conservatives and the Ottoman bureaucracy Young Turks—exiled because they pushed for: universal suffrage equality before the law emancipation of women (why is this one such a big deal?)

Russia: Crimean war

Japan: Arrival of Matthew Perry

Japan 1853—U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry arrived on a “Black Ship” and shocked the Japanese Gives 1 year to open Japan to trade Japanese realize their isolation prevents them from competing economically and militarily with the industrialized west 1854—Treaty of Kanagawa—West won trade rights

Japan—Meiji Restoration Japanese organized and overthrew the shogun that ratified Treaty of Kanagawa Emperor Meiji gains totalitarian power Japanese westernization—emerged as a world power Built railroads and steamships Samurai warrior class abolished

Japan Economic Growth

Differences? Shogun Tokugawa Emperor Meiji

China—Qing/Manchu “Mandate of Heaven” over Ming Strong and prosperous – 17th century By late 18th century – Qing is in decline (corruption & foreigners) Time for a new dynasty Where does the next “Mandate of Heaven” come from?

TRADE Canton System Western powers could only trade with China in Canton And only in small buildings called “Thirteen Factories” Not allowed into the city of Guangzhou Paid high taxes and prices set by the Qing government

China: 1st Opium war 1842 The British find Indian opium that the Chinese would trade their luxury goods for. 1820’s – high demand in China– payments are made in silver RATHER than luxury items

OPIUM WAR In 1839 the Qing orders the destruction of 2.6 millions pounds of opium. Outward and aggressive sign of resistance to western influence Particularly the British

OPIUM WAR 1839 – British used the destruction of the opium to declare war on China Exposed China’s lack of western military technology British win easily

Results: Treaty of Nanking Dismantled the Canton System Hong Kong became a British colony British gained extraterritorial rights – live under British rule instead of Chinese Chinese accept low tariffs on imports Series of unequal treaties leads to 2nd Opium War Qing lost control of trade and opium trade further expanded 1900 – most ports controlled by foreign powers as spheres of influence – designated foreign nation

Taiping Rebellion Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan Failed Confucian Scholar Exposed to Christianity and believes himself to be the young brother of Jesus The Rebellion appeals to Chinese because: Qing ineffective dealing with the west (opium war) Goal = (drive foreign out of China) Manchus & the west Rebellion works because the Qing are fighting the 2nd Opium War & already in decline Take over most of Southern China while the Qing fights the west Defeated eventually w/ help from the West (GB & Fr.)

Chart Practice