War and Revolution World History 2

Interactive Notebook Table of Contents Today’s Date Causes of World War I Page # (Your next available page)

Objective Given instructional sources, the student will demonstrate understanding of the causes of World War I by completing an organizer.

Causes of the War 19th century liberals believed that if European states organized along national lines, they would work together and be peaceful The reality proved to be far different Rivalries over colonies and trade grew during an age of intense nationalism and imperialist expansion At the same time, Europe divided itself into a pair of loose alliances Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance Great Britain, France and Russia formed the Triple Entente A series of crises left European powers angry with each other and thirsting for revenge Self-interest and success guided each state, each was willing to use force to preserve its power Nationalism had another side effect: several peoples such as the Serbians in Austria-Hungary and the Irish in Great Britain desired their own states

Internal Dissent and Militarism In many Western European nations, the workers were on the warpath, willing to resort to violent strikes to get their way Labor strife and class division were so prevalent that revolution seemed imminent European leaders sought to quell this dissent and may have been willing to go to war to unify their nations The growth of standing armies after 1900 heightened tensions, ensuring that any war that broke out would be highly destructive As militarism (aggressive prepping for war), so did the influence of military leaders These general spent stupendous money and time planning for war, insisting that there could be no altering or interference with their plans, leaving politicians little leeway

Turbulent Labor In Europe When negotiation failed, labor went on strike, sometimes with violent results

Use the diagram below to identify the factors that led to World War I Use the diagram below to identify the factors that led to World War I. You may use your textbook pp. 758-761 to find the information you may need. World War I

The Outbreak of War Nationalism, militarism and quashing internal dissent all played their part But it was the decisions of European leaders in response to another Balkan crisis that brought war What started the chain was the assassination of the Austrian heir to the throne in Sarajevo by a Bosnian terrorist on June 28, 1914 Austria believed that Serbia was behind it and prepared for war Serbia called on it Slavic protector for help The Austrians turned to their ally, the Germans for guarantees of help if the Russians got into it With German help promised, the Austrians declared war on July 28 Russia mobilized for war against Austria and the Germans were thus pulled in to help their ally Since German war plans called for dealing with France before taking on Russia, the Germans declared war on France on August 3 The Germans planned to go through Belgium to get to France which pulled in Britain, since the British had guaranteed Belgian neutrality So by August 4, 1914, all the major powers in Europe were at war

Franz Ferdinand and Sophie Unlike most royal marriages, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie Chotek were a true love story. He went against his father’s wishes to marry her and put up with a ton of stuff from the relatives

Shots that started a war Gavrilo Prinzip was a Bosnian Serb terrorist who wanted to promote a Greater Serbian nation Prinzip stepped up and shot both the Archduke and his wife at point-blank range, killing both

Identify the series of DECISIONS that European leaders made in 1914 that led directly to the outbreak of war. Use the diagram below. You may use your textbook pp. 760-761 to find the information you need

Objective Given instructional sources, the student will demonstrate understanding of World War I by completing two organizers

The Western Front

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1914 to 1915: Illusions and Stalemate Prior to 1914, most people believed that a major war entailed too many political and economic risks. Others believed that diplomacy could prevent war The summer of 1914 shattered both ideas A new set of illusions fed the hysterical joy at the outset of the war Most people believed the war would be short: one battle and everyone goes home by Christmas German plans for a quick victory rested on a gamble They were betting they could defeat France in 4-6 weeks then turn around and defeat Russia They would defeat France by sweeping through Belgium in a wide arc, taking in Paris and surrounding the French army The French managed to stop the Germans at the Battle of the Marne (Sept. 6-10) The war quickly turned into a stalemate as neither side could dislodge the other from their trenches These trenches reached from Switzerland to the English Channel and they stayed that way for 4 years

Weapons of World War I The machine gun was perhaps the deadliest weapon of the war. It cut down men by the hundreds of thousands One thing that veterans all agreed on was that the shelling never stopped. It went on night and day.

War in the Trenches Men lived like the rats in the trenches, full of water, mud everywhere, the stench of sewage and death in every breath

As you read identify which countries belong to the Allies and the Central Powers. What country changed allegiance? What country withdrew from the war? You may use your book page 763-764 to find the information you will need Allies Central Powers Allies Split off

Last Year of the War The year 1917 had not been a good one for the Allies The Russians had a revolution and dropped out of the war, allowing the Germans to concentrate on the West On the plus side, the Americans were in it now and beginning to send men to Europe For Germany, she was at the end of her rope – manpower reserves were depleted, food was almost gone and the home front was worn out Now was the time for the Germans to go all in, one last final offensive to win the war for Germany In March 1918 Germany launched her last offensive to win it all and within a month she was 50 miles from Paris France scraped the bottom and then threw the Americans into the battle, the Germans were stopped, then pushed back – Germany’s gamble had failed By August/September 1918 the Allies were on the advance and it was clear the Germans were done

What a foolish mistake Unrestricted submarine warfare was an attempt to starve Britain into submission. What it did was sink a neutral ocean liner and bring the United States into the war on the Allied side

Primary Source Open your book to page 766 Read the story, examine the poster and notice Answer the following questions 1. What was Toudouze’s point of view on the sinking of the Lusitania? 2. Would the German embassy have agreed with that point of view? 3. What was an important political effect of the sinking of the Lusitania?

Entry of the United States By 1917 the war had been going for nearly 3 years with no end in sight Each side was looking for an edge to break the deadlock For her part, Germany was getting low on manpower and food, she needed to end the war soon. German admirals convinced the German king that unrestricted submarine warfare could starve England into submission in 6 months They could not have been more wrong England was not starved into submission and the unrestricted warfare brought the United States into the war on the Allied side The United States did not arrive in France in large numbers until 1918 but her entry into the war gave the Allies a huge psychological boost and a major new source of cash and war goods

Total War means total commitment Total war meant mobilizing the entire population for war, even women. It also meant that everything went to the war effort

Effects of Total War As the war dragged on, it became a total war that mobilized all the nation’s resources and people After all, mountains of supplies had to be manufactured, thousands of men had to be recruited, trained and fed for years of combat All this led to a growth of government powers and the manipulation of public opinion to keep the war effort going To create the supplies the government increased its power over the economy, free-enterprise was set aside Price, wage and rent controls were established Food and materials were rationed, imports and exports were regulated, transportation systems and industries were nationalized The Home Front became another front in the war – the nation’s citizens became as important as the soldiers Which is why the governments made such an effort to manipulate public opinion to keep their spirits up as the war dragged on.

Illustrate, by using a diagram similar to the one below, the ways in which government powers increased during the war. You may use your textbook pp. 767-768 to find the information you will need. Government Powers

Treaty of Versailles The Allies gathered at Versailles in France to decide on the final treaty to resolve the war. The Germans were not invited. For the most part, it was not a treaty of peace but a vindictive, vicious, harsh document that guaranteed another war. The Germans were presented with a fait accompli with little choice but to sign.

The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles The War was finally over on November 11, 1918 The Allies met in Paris to hammer out a peace treaty. In fact the Allies were more interested in revenge and punishing Germany than lofty ideals. The French in particular wanted their pound of flesh since most of the fighting had taken place on her soil The Treaty of Versailles, as worked out by the English, French and Americans was harsh Germany had to accept blame for the war, pay reparations, reduce its armed forces to a border guard with no modern weapons Even the Allied military men were shocked at the terms, commenting they virtually guaranteed another war

At the Paris Peace Conference, the leaders of France, Britain, and the United States were motivated by different concerns. As you read, use a chart like the one below to identify the national interests of each country as it approached the peace deliberations. You may use your book pp. 780-783 to find the information you will need Great Britain France America

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