Classifications of Sentences Definition: A group of words that expresses a complete thought Kinds of Sentences Classifications of Sentences declarative: makes a statement and ends with a period ex: Soccer is a popular sport. interrogative: asks a question and ends with a question mark ex: Do you play soccer? imperative: gives a command, ends with a period, and has understood you as its subject ex: (You) Tell me the rules of soccer. exclamatory: expresses a strong emotion and ends with an exclamation point ** Often begins with what or how – be careful not to confuse these with interrogative sentences! ex: What a great shot you made! ex: How beautiful the sunset is! simple: one independent clause ex: Kathleen became a famous singer. ex: Kathleen and Mike sang together. ex: They sang and danced. compound: two or more independent clauses; compound sentences are connected in one of three ways: (a.) by a comma and one of the coordinating conjunctions – and, or, but, nor, yet ex: She is a my sister, but she is also like a friend. (b.) by a semicolon ex: She is my sister; she is also like a friend. (c.) by a semicolon followed by an introductory adjective such as therefore, however, moreover, or nevertheless ex: She is my sister; moreover, she is like a friend. complex: one independent clause and at least one dependent clause; the dependent clause is connected to the independent clause by subordinating conjunction such as because, before, after, since, while, although, and when -- RULE 1: if the dependent is the first clause, the clause is followed by a comma to separate it from the independent clause ex: While we were at the zoo, we saw a bear. -- RULE 2: if the independent is the first clause, no comma is needed to separate the two clauses ex: We saw a bear while we were at the zoo. compound-complex: two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause; they are connected using the rules above depending on the order they are written ex: Max studied for his test, and I rehearsed for our school play while we were in school.

Clauses clauses – two types: dependent/subordinate or independent/main must have both a subject (noun or pronoun) and a predicate (verb) independent clause - stands alone as a complete sentence   also called the main clause must have a subject and a predicate one independent clause = a simple sentence can have compound parts found in all sentences does not act as an adjective, adverb, or noun 2. dependent clause - not a complete thought   also called the subordinate clause depends on the independent clause starts w/ a relative pronoun or a subordinate conjunction works as an adjective, adverb, noun Examples: 1. My family originally came from Italy. 2. I can’t find the book. Examples: 1. that I was given 2. where my grandmother was born

THREE TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES Adjective Clause describes a noun or a pronoun usually follows the noun or pronoun it modifies begins with a relative pronoun because each relates to a word in the independent clause. The following are the five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, or that EX: My grandmother, who is from Italy, is named Martina. (The relative pronoun “who” relates the words “who is from Italy” to the noun “grandmother.”) can also begin with one of these three subordinate conjunctions: when, where, and why EX: Italy is the place where my grandmother was born. essential (or restrictive) clause – a clause that is needed in the sentence; cannot be removed from the sentence without changing its meaning. No punctuation is used to separate this clause from the other(s). (See 2nd EX) nonessential (or nonrestrictive) clause - can be removed without changing the sentence's meaning. Commas are used to separate the nonessential clause from the other(s). (See 1st EX) use "who," "whom," or "whose" to describe people; don't use "that“ when referring to people use "that" for essential clauses and “which” for nonessential clauses Adverb Clause giving information about a verb, adjective, or adverb   answers the questions when, where, how, why, to what extent, under what conditions EX: Because settlers took over their habitats, mountain lions disappeared east of the Rockies, except in Florida and Texas. (The adverb clause tells why and describes the verb “disappeared.”) can come before or after the main clause If the adverb clause begins a sentence, it must be followed by a comma to divide it from the independent clause. EX: If panthers wander onto the highway, speed zones don’t seem to help. If the adverb clause follows the independent clause, no comma is used to divide the two clauses. EX: Speed zones don’t seem to help if panthers wander onto the highway. Adverb clauses begin with subordinate conjunctions: after, although, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even though, (even) if, in order that, just as, once, since, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, while elliptical adverb clause – has implied words EX: He likes ice cream more than I. (“like ice cream” is omitted after the pronoun “I”.) Noun Clause Functions as subjects, predicate nouns, direct objects, indirect objects, appositives, and objects of the preposition  Although a noun clause is a basic part of the independent clause and can not be eliminated from the sentence, it is still a dependent clause. Most noun clauses begin with one of the following introductory words: how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, who, whoever, whom, whomever, and why Noun Clause as Subject: Whoever is interested can participate in the project. Noun Clause as Predicate Noun: The problem was that I couldn’t decide on a subject for my report. Noun Clause as Appositive: In the 1960s the goal that all Americans have equal rights became an important one to work for. ** Adjective clauses can be confused with noun clauses used as appositives. A noun clause used as an appositive renames the noun or pronoun it follows. An adjective clause describes a noun or pronoun. Noun Clause as Direct Object: I can see that you conduct experiments. Noun Clause as Object of the Preposition: I was surprised by what I saw in the store window.