CELLS

Cell Analogy = A factory contains many areas that act similarly to the parts in a cell. These parts of a cell are called organelles. A factory assembles parts to make an product/invention. A cell assembles amino acids to make proteins.

What are Proteins for? Control the rate of reactions Regulate cell processes Form bones + muscle Transport substances in and out of cells Help fight disease

Two Main Groups of Cells Prokaryotic Cells Less complex and less advanced(more primitive) No nucleus or other specialized cell parts Examples: Bacteria Cells Eukaryotic Cells More complex cells. Contain specialized cell parts (organelles) such as cell nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts (plants), etc. Examples: animal cells, plant cells, and some single celled organisms called protists.

PLANT CELL (eukaryotic)

ANIMAL CELL (eukaryotic)

CELL MEMBRANE ALL CELLS HAVE CELL MEMBRANE PROTECTS CELL CONTROLS WHAT ENTERS AND EXITS CELL CONSISTS OF 2-LAYERS OF LIPIDS/FAT & PROTEIN CHANNELS

CELL WALL FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS AND SOME BACTERIA PROTECTS AND SUPPORTS CELL

CYTOPLASM Cytoplasm is the liquid that is inside the membrane but outside the nucleus. The ‘soup’ inside the cell. Provides an environment for other organelles to reside.

NUCLEUS

NUCLEUS CONTROL CENTER OF CELL (“brain of cell”) CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA) CONTROLS ALL CELL ACTIVITIES

MITOCHONDRIA ‘POWER HOUSE’ OF CELL (‘mighty mitochondria”) CONVERTS ENERGY INTO MORE USABLE FORMS FOR CELL (ATP!) Cellular Respiration occurs in mitochondria

CHLOROPLASTS FOUND IN PLANT CELLS AND SOME BACTERIA CONVERT SUNLIGHT ENERGY INTO SUGAR (CHEMICAL ENERGY) = PHOTOSYNTHESIS CONTAIN GREEN PIGMENT CHLOROPHYLL

RIBOSOMES SITE WHERE PROTEINS ARE MANUFACTURED SOME ARE ‘FREE’ AND SOME ARE ATTACHED TO ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Two types of endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) Rough ER is where proteins are modified The Smooth ER makes the lipid components of the cell membrane

Golgi Apparatus Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins or other products from ER

LYSOSOMES CLEAN-UP CREW OF CELL CONTAINS DIGESTIVE ENZYME THAT BREAK DOWN WASTE

VACUOLES PRIMARILY FOUND IN PLANT CELLS PROVIDES A PLACE FOR STORAGE AND CONTAINS MAINLY WATER AND WASTE PRODUCTS PROVIDES SUPPORT AND TRANSPORTS MATERIALS THE ‘CENTRAL VACUOLE IN PLANT CELLS’ OCCUPIES ¾ OF CELL VOLUME