Structures and Injuries Chapter 16 Bones and Soft Tissue Structures and Injuries Chapter 16

Vocabulary Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Ossification Diaphysis Epiphysis Periosteum Osteoblast Osteoclast Reduction External Fixation Internal Fixation Contractibility Excitability Action Potential Extensibility Elasticity

Vocabulary Origin Insertion Belly Prime mover Antagonist Muscle Fatigue Myositis ossificans Synapse Myelin sheath Neuroma

October 9, 2017 Bell work: Fall Break POW/WOW

Bones Bones are formed during embryonic development by a process called ossification Long bones have 3 basic components: the diaphysis (shaft), the epiphysis (each end), and the medullary canal (center of the bone)

Bones Osteoblasts are bone cells that deposit the new bone to increase circumference Osteoclasts are immense bone cells that secrete enzymes that can digest the bony material

Bone Types Long: arm or leg (humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, and fibula) Flat: bones of the skull Irregular: vertebrae Short: phalanges, carpals, tarsals

Function of Bones To serve as framework for the body Protect the internal structures; brain, spinal cord, etc Act as a storage area for calcium Produce blood cells Allow flexibility when muscles move

Injuries to the Bone People push their bodies to the limit everyday causing stress on bones Most common injury to bones are fractures Simple -- Stress Compound / open Greenstick -- Epiphyseal Plate comminuted

Types of Fractures Simple fracture: occurs when the forces on the bone exceed the bone’s ability to withstand the forces applied

Types of Fractures Compound / Open: results in fractured end penetrating the skin

Types of Fractures Greenstick: analogy of a child’s bone and a young shoot of a plant. Analogy of an adult bone is to a tree’s old branch. More common in children due to the pliability of the child’s bone, can bend further until reaching the breaking point

Types of Fractures Comminuted: forces are so great that the bone shatters into three or more pieces

Types of Fractures Stress Fracture: bone is stressed by overuse, poor muscle balance, lack of flexibility, weakness in soft tissue, or biomechanical problems. Gradual deterioration of the bone occurs due to the body’s inability to compensate for the forces placed on it.

Types of Fractures Epiphyseal plate: “growth plate” fracture

What Type of Fracture?

What Type of Fracture?

What Type of Fracture?

What Type of Fracture?

Types of Fractures Lower Extremity Films Upper Extremity Films

BW: 10/11/17 What Type of Fracture?

Treatment of Bone Injuries Often occurs naturally due to remodeling May sometimes need to be put back into position depending on deformity Immobilization through the use of a cast Occasionally may need to have surgery Timeline varies by age and severity of the fracture Some bones may heal faster than others

Muscles There 3 types of muscles: skeletal, cardiac, and sphincter muscles Skeletal muscles are attached to bones Blinking, talking, breathing, dancing, eating, walking, running, and writing are produced by the motion of muscles

Muscles Muscle has many different characteristics: Contractibility- the ability to shorten or reduce the distance between the parts Excitability- the ability to respond to stimuli Extensibility- the ability to lengthen and increase the distance between two parts Elasticity- the ability to return to original form after being compressed or stretched

Injuries to Muscles Strains- caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon Acute: caused by trauma or an injury such as a blow to the body, or improperly lifting heavy objects or overstressing the muscles Chronic: usually the result of overuse/prolonged, repetitive movement of the muscles and tendons

Injuries to Muscles Tendonitis- inflammation of the tendon Tendons are the attachment of muscle to the bone. When a muscle contracts, it pulls on a bone to cause movement. When tendons become irritated, the action of pulling the muscle becomes difficult. The tendon will then become inflamed and movement will become painful. The most common cause of tendonitis is overuse, people who increase exercise levels too quickly, or people who are beginning an exercise program

Tennis Elbow

Injuries to Muscles Contusions- a direct blow or blunt trauma that does not break the skin A bruise may be visible due to damage to blood vessels Ecchymosis is also a visible sign with muscle contusions Accumulation of blood in the skin and subcutaneous tissues more than one centimeter in diameter

Soft Tissue Injuries These injuries affect the skin, muscles, ligaments, and tendons Classified as open or closed Open injuries include abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture wounds Closed injuries include contusions, hematomas, and ecchymoses. May also include sprains, strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related injuries

Muscle Related Injury Bursitis- inflammation of a bursa The bursa decreases friction between two surfaces, such as where muscles, ligaments, and tendons glide over bones Most commonly seen in hip, knee, elbow, and heel Bursitis is usually a result of repetitive movement, prolonged excessive pressure, or blount trauma to the site of a bursa

Injuries to Ligaments Sprains- can result from a fall, a sudden twist, or a blow to the body that forces a joint out of its normal position. Sprains are damage to ligaments that support that joint Ligaments are connective tissue that joins bone to bone

Sprains: Signs and Symptoms 1st degree (mild): One or more of the supporting ligaments and surrounding tissues are stretched Minor discomfort, point tenderness, and little or no swelling No abnormal movement in the joint to indicate lack of stability

Ankle Sprains: Signs and Symptoms 2nd degree (moderate): A portion of one or more ligaments is torn There is pain, swelling, point tenderness, disability, and loss of function Slight abnormal movement May walk with a slight limp

Ankle Sprains: Signs and Symptoms 3rd degree (severe): One or more ligaments have been completely torn; obvious joint instability Can have either extreme or little pain (depends on nerve damage), loss of function, point tenderness, and rapid swelling Possible to have a fracture associated

Injuries to Ligaments Sprains can occur in either the upper body or the lower body The most common sprain is found in the ankle