Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching Diane Larsen- Freman

Contents 1. The Grammar-Translation Method 2. The Direct Method 3. The Audio-Lingual Method 4. The Silent Way 5. Desuggestopedia

Contents 6. Community Language Teaching 7. Total Physical Response 8. Communicative Language Teaching 9. Content-based 10. Task-based

THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD Introduction - The Grammar Translation Method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical (sometimes called Traditional Method or Classical Method) method of teaching Greek and Latin. - In grammar–translation classes, students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and the native language.

The goal of the method - Students are able to read and translate literature in the target language - Students learn about grammar rules and vocabulary of the target language

The role of teacher and students - Teacher is the authority - Students are passive

The characteristics of the teaching and learning process - Students: Translate reading passages from the target language into their native language - Students: Learn Grammar deductively, memorize vocabulary.

The nature of student-teacher interaction and student-student interaction - Most of the interaction in the classroom is from the teacher to the students. - There is little student initiation and little student-student interaction

The feelings of students There are no principles of the method

The language and culture view - Literary language is considered as superior to spoken language, students learn it. - Culture is viewed as consisting of literature and the fine arts.

Areas of language and language skills are emphasized - Vocabulary and grammar are emphasized. - Reading and writing skills are the primary skills. - There is much less attention to listening and speaking skills.

The role of the students ‘native language Language is used in class is mostly the students ‘native language

The evaluation (Testing) *Written tests in which students are asked: -To translate from their native language to the target language and vice versa. - Questions are about target culture - Questions that ask students to apply grammar rules are also common.

The teacher responds to student errors Teacher gives/supplies the correct answers.

Techniques -Translation of literary passage: Students translate a reading passage from the target language into their native language. The reading passage provides vocabulary and grammatical structures. - Reading comprehension questions: Students answer questions in the target language based on their understanding of the reading passage. - Antonyms/synonyms: Students are given one set of words and asked to find antonyms in reading passage. A similar exercise could be done by asking students to find synonyms for a particular set of words.

Techniques(cont) - Cognates: Students are taught to recognize cognates by learning the spelling or sound patterns that correspond between the languages. - Deductive application of rule: Grammar rules are presented with examples. Exceptions to each rule are noted, once students understand a rule, they are asked to apply it to some different examples. - Fill-in-the-blanks: Students are given a series of sentences with words missing. They fill in the blanks with new vocabulary item or with item of a particular grammar type: prepositions or verbs with different tenses.

Techniques(cont) - Memorization: Students are given lists of target language vocabulary words and their native language equivalents and asked to memorize them. - Use words in sentences: In order to show that students understand the meaning and use of a new vocabulary item, they make up sentences in which they use the new word. - Composition:

Advantages - Students can use their native language in the classroom. - Students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and the native language. - Advanced students are able to translate whole texts word-for- word. The method has two main goals: to enable students to read and translate literature written in the target language, and to further students’ general intellectual development.

Disadvantages - Students always base on the first language when learning foreign language. - The Grammar-Translation focuses on reading and writing and neglects listening and speaking. - The texts are mostly taken from literary works. The language learned doesn’t often meet the practical needs of the learners. - Students have to memorize grammar rules and bilingual word lists that do not motivate students to actively communicate in the target language.