An Introduction To Language Lecturer: Lien To Trinh Department of English

Textbook: The Study of Language Chapter 4: Morphology Textbook: The Study of Language

Outcomes After this chapter students can: Interpret some linguistic terms in this chapter such as morphemes, bases and roots; Identify kinds of morphemes; Identify some morphological problems.

Morphology In biology: the study of the form and structure of animals and plants In linguistics: the study and description of how words are formed in a language

Morphemes the basic units of morphology a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function Units of grammatical functions : present tense in singular forms, past tense or plural forms Example: Words: talk, talks, talker, talked, talking Morphemes: talk, ~s, ~er, ~ed, ~ing Word: reopened Morphemes: re~, open, ~ed

Morphemes Word: watched Morpheme: watch, ~ed Word: tourists Morphemes: tour, ~ist, ~s Word: hunters hunt, ~er, ~s Word: reactivate re~, act, ~ive, ~ate Word: communication Morpheme: communicate, ~ion

Morphemes A word may be composed of one or more morphemes such as boy, boyish, undesirable. A morpheme may be presented by a single sound such as the morpheme a meaning “without” as in amoral or asexual. A morpheme may consist of more than one syllable such as lady, camel and water.

Free and Bound Morphemes Free Morphemes – Morphemes that can stand by themselves Examples: talk, open, tour, hunt, act Bound Morphemes – cannot stand alone, and are usually tied to another morpheme. ~s, ~er, ~ed, ~ing, re~, ~ate: these are affixes All AFFIXES are bound morphemes!

Free and Bound Morphemes When a free morpheme has bound morphemes attached, we typically call it a stem. Word: teachers

Free and Bound Morphemes Not all words have a free morpheme! Words: receive, reduce, repeat Morphemes: re~, ~ceive, ~duce, ~peat They are all bound morphemes re~ is a regular bound morpheme ~ceive, ~peat, and ~duce are bound stems

Morphemes What are the morphemes? Are they bound or free? What are the stems? Are they bound or free? Word Bound Morphemes Free Morphemes Stem Bound or Free Stem? farmers friendliness artistic meanings recalculated

Morphemes What are the morphemes? Are they bound or free? What are the stems? Are they bound or free? Word Bound Morphemes Free Morphemes Stem Bound or Free Stem? undignified restlessness disrespectful balance dishonesty

Morphemes three morphemes: boy + ish + ness desire + able + ity one morpheme: boy, desire two morphemes: boyish (boy + ish); desirable (desire + able) + morph ("to change form") => morph + ology three morphemes: boy + ish + ness desire + able + ity four morphemes: gentle + man + Ii + ness more than four: un + desire + 'able + ity un + gentle + man + Ii + ness anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + ism

Free Morphemes Two categories, lexical morphemes and functional morphemes Lexical Morphemes: words that carry content nouns (girl, man, house, tiger) adjectives (sad, long, yellow, sincere) verbs (look, follow, break, go) Lexical morphemes are open class – we can create new ones easily.

Free Morphemes Functional Morphemes – Examples: the, a, an (articles) other types of free morphemes Examples: the, a, an (articles) at, in, on, above (prepositions) he, she, her, we, that, these (pronouns) and, nor, or, but, so (conjunctions) Functional morphemes are closed class – we rarely (almost never) create new ones!

Bound Morphemes Two categories, derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes Derivational Morphemes – When added to a stem or a base, they almost always change the part of speech and the meaning of the word. Examples: good (adjective) + ~ness = goodness (noun) care (noun or verb) + ~less = careless (adjective) pay (verb) + ~ment = payment (noun) system (noun) + atic =systematic (adjective)

Bound Morphemes Noun + ~ atic => adjective, ex: systematic Derivational morphemes Morphological rules Noun + ~ atic => adjective, ex: systematic Un ~ + adjective => adjective, ex: unsystematic Un ~ + verb => verb, ex: undo, unlock Adjective + ~ al => adjective, ex: systematical Adjective + ~ ly => adverb, ex: systematically Adjective + ~ ish => adjective, ex: pinkish, reddish Noun + ~ish => adjective, ex: boyish Noun/Adj + ~ ize => verb, ex: moralize, modernize Noun + ~ ate => verb, ex: vaccinate Verb + ~ able => adjective, ex: understandable Verb + ive => adjective, ex: attractive Noun + ~ ship / ~ ity => noun, ex: friendship, activity Verb/Noun + -ance/-ence/-ist => noun, ex: clearance, dentist Noun + ~ ify => verb, ex: signify, classify, modify

Bound Morphemes Derivational morphemes almost always change the part of speech of the word, but there are some exceptions. friend (noun) + ~ship = friendship (noun) do (verb) + un~ = undo (verb) pink (adjective) + ~ish = pinkish (adjective)

Bound Morphemes Inflectional Morphemes – show different grammatical forms of the same word Nouns Plural ~s Possessive ‘s books, cats, teachers Jane’s, UCF’s, students’ Verbs 3rd person singular ~s Progressive ~ing Past tense ~ed Past participle ~en/~ed works, walks, visits working, walking, visiting worked, walked, visited worked, taken, eaten

Bound Morphemes Inflectional Morphemes – show different grammatical forms of the same word Adjectives Comparative ~er Superlative ~est smaller, louder, prettier smallest, loudest, prettiest In English, there are EIGHT inflectional morphemes.

Bound Morphemes Find the 8 types of Inflectional Morphemes in the sentences below: Jim’s two sisters are really different. 2. One likes to have fun and is always laughing. 3. The other liked to read as a child and has always taken things seriously. 4. One is the loudest person in the house and the other is quieter than a mouse.

Morphology Bound morphemes: are morphemes like –ish, -ness, -ly, dis-, trans-, un-, … are affixes. Free morphemes: - Can stand alone as a word. Contrast with bound morpheme. - Have two basic kinds: content words and function words A root: Is a lexical content morpheme that can’t be analyzed into smaller parts. A stem: when a root morpheme is combined with an affix, it forms a stem.

Prefixes and their meanings anti~, contra~ means “against”: antiwar, antibody, antibiotic, contradict, contravene circum~ means “around”: circumstance, circumvent co ~, com~, con~, col~, cor~ all mean “with”, “together” or “jointly”: co-operate, co-teach, collaborate, collect, comply, conversation de~ means “do the opposite of”: deactivate, devitalize de~ means “remove…from” or “deprive …of”: defrost, dehorn de~ means “reduce”: decline, decrease, degrade

Prefixes and their meanings dis~ means “absence of” or “opposite to” or “do the opposite of” : disappear, discount, disarm dis~ means “not” or “lack of”: disagreeable, dishonest, disadavantage, discomfort in ~, im~, con~, il~, ir~ all mean “not”: insecure, incompetent, immoderate, illegal, irresponsible

Bound morphemes Derivational morphemes: Prefixes and Suffixes Change the meaning of words Inflectional morphemes: Grammatical function Do not change the meaning of words

Exercises antedate: the prefix ante- means ‘before’. replay manly Identify the meaning of the affix in of each of the given words. antedate: the prefix ante- means ‘before’. replay manly keeper unable rainy cheapest subway import maltreat

Exercises I. Divide the following words by placing a + between their morphemes. (some of them may be monomorphemic and therefore indivisible. comparative 8. desirable phonetician 9. unspeakable phonological 10. margin unpalatable 11. boyishness Turnaroundable 12. desirability homework systematically

Ex:  have  stopped  elements  example  great  dishes II. From the following list of words select five words with inflectional morphology. Ex:  have  stopped  elements  example  great  dishes  linked  thought  within  killed  writing  speech III. What's the difference between inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes?

IV. Identify the Lexical and Function Words reduced where inside how into from beside enjoy besides John an mother between trouble together Function words: into, an, between, beside, from; how, where, together, besides, inside are adverbs; enjoy and reduced are verbs; John, mother, trouble are nouns.

1. alligator: 2. calmly: 3. running: 4. blindness: 5. stapler: Count the number of morphemes in each word. Underline the bound morphemes. Example: unpresentable: 3 morphemes; un- and –able are bound morphemes. 1. alligator: 2. calmly: 3. running: 4. blindness: 5. stapler: 6. bargain: 7. regrouping: 8. undeniable: 9. assertion: 10. certainly:

Allomorph Just like phonemes, morphemes also have variants [different versions]. Allomorphs are the variants of a morpheme. Allomorphs are a set of ‘morphs’ which consist of different versions of the same morpheme. boy/boys, bus/buses, copy/copies, man/men kill/killed, beg/begged, go/went sing/singing, write/writing, run/running

Allomorphy in English English has several morphemes that vary in sound but not in meaning. Example: + the past tense and + the plural morphemes In the English language the past tense morpheme is -ed. It occurs in several allomorphs depending on its phonological environment, assimilating voicing of the previous segment or inserting a schwa when following an alveolar stop: as /əd/ in 'hunted' or 'banded', as /d/ in 'buzzed', as /t/ in 'fished'

The Hierarchical Structure of Words Morphemes are usually added in a fixed order. This reflects the hierarchical structure of word. For example, the word unsystematic is composed of three morphemes: un-, system, and –atic. The root is system, a noun, to which the suffix –atic is added resulting in an adjective, systematic. To this adjective, the un- is added to form a new adjective, unsystematic. In order to present the hierarchical organization of words (and sentences), linguists use tree diagrams for unsystematic as follows:

The Hierarchical Structure of Words Adjective un Adjective Noun -atic system

Tree diagram for “unsystematically” Adverb Adjective -ly Adjective -al un Adjective Noun -atic system

The Hierarchical Structure The hierarchical organization can help identify words that are structurally ambiguous – having more than one meaning by virtue of having more than one structure. Take the word unlockable as an example. The meanings can be “not able to be locked” and “able to be unlocked” The two meanings correspond to two different structures, as follows:

Noun un Noun system Is it a possible word in English? Why? Or Why not? Examine the tree diagram that follows Noun un Noun system Is it a possible word in English? Why? Or Why not?

Compound Words A compound word consists of two or more free morphemes: textbook carry box lecture hall wooden spoon talking bird

Types of Compound Words Closed compounds (Words written together) textbook flowerpot Hyphenated compounds merry-go-round well-being Open compounds (Words written separately) school bus decision making chocolate chip cookies

Compound- complex words A compound-complex word is that which consists of two or more free morphemes and one or more bound morphemes. textbooks overtaken brother-in-law

Compound Words Explain the possible meaning of the compound words: old-furniture salesman old furniture salesman

Practice Analyzing the differences in meaning of following compounds nouns: University parking lot Smoking grass A small chalk box Sleeping boys Top hat rack

Meaning of compounds Peanut oil and olive oil are oils made from something. Peanut oil is made from peanuts and olive oil is made from olive. What about baby oil or baby cream??? The meaning of each compound includes at least to some extent the meaning of the individual parts. However, many compounds do not seem to relate to the meanings of the individual parts at all.

Meaning of compounds The meaning of a compound is NOT always the sum of meanings of its parts. Read the following examples. A blackboard may be green, dark blue or black A boathouse is a house for boats, but a cathouse??? Her dog ran into the cat house. (a place/ a house for cats) Her dog ran into the cathouse. (a place where men can pay women to have sex with them)

Blending Ex: smog = smoke + fog motel = motor + hotel Blends are similar to compounds in that they are produced by combining two words, but parts of the words that are combined are deleted. Ex: smog = smoke + fog motel = motor + hotel Do you know how the following blends in English and Malay combine?  chexting, camcorder, emoticon, globish, infotainment, sitcom, telegenic, brunch

Reduced words - Clipping: Clipping is Shortening of a longer free morpheme auto lab bike sub ad gym Prof Doc

Word Coinage Words are created to fit some purpose. Completely New Words aspirin, nylon, kleenex, teflon, zipper google, pooch, facebook Extensions of existing words hamburger: cheese burger, veggie burger, fish burger, tofu burger broadcast: telecast, webcast marathon: walkathon, talkathon, danceathon alcoholic: workaholic seminar: webinar

Word Borrowing A language may borrow from another language, words for which there are no equivalents in it. These may be words for objects, social, political, and cultural institutions and events or abstract concepts which are not found in the culture of that language.

Word Borrowing Historically, English has borrowed tremendously from other languages. alcohol (Arabic) boss (Dutch) croissant (French) lilac (Persian) piano (Italian) pretzel (German) robot (Czech) tycoon (Japanese) yogurt (Turkish) zebra (Bantu)

Loan Words Direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language. English – technology Malay – teknologi English – computer Malay – komputer English – boyfriend Chinese – nan pengyu Malay – teman lelaki

Acronyms Acronyms abbreviate (shorten) a longer term by taking the initial letters. Follow pronunciation: NATO, TOEFL, AIDS, MOET, UNESCO If unpronounceable, say each letter: ATM, IQ, MTV, CD, UFO, SMS Sound out each letter to avoid confusion: WHO, UNO (Note – PIN number)