Building Planning and Drawing Divya N Assistant Professor ACED

Contents Introduction to building drawing Requirements of a good drawing Conventional Signs Plan, Section and Elevation Components of a building Foundation

Building Drawing Drawing is the language of engineers. An engineer must be well versed with drawings. Drawings represent the reduced shape of a structure. Drawings are prepared as per the requirements of owner. In case of public buildings, the functional aspects are studied and accordingly the drawings are prepared as per recommendations laid down in National Building Code (N.B.C) or as per Indian Standard specifications.

Requirements for a good drawing Drawing should be clear, simple and clean. Should agree with the actual measurements by the accurately drawn scaled measurements. Exact information should be provided in order to carry out the work at site. Only minimum notes to support the drawings should be indicated in the drawings. Sufficient space should be provided between the views so as to mark the dimensions without crowding.

Conventional Signs

Plan Plan of building represents a horizontal section of building at given height seen from top. It is a general convention to imagine that the building has been cut down by a horizontal plane at the sill level of the window and is seen from the top after removal of the so cut part. The plan shows the arrangement of rooms, verandah or corridor, position of door, and window and other openings along with their respective sizes.

Section Section is also known as vertical section and sectional elevation or cross section. It is imagined that a finished buildings is cut vertically along a line so that the building is separated into two portions along the imagined vertical plane right from top of the building to the lowest part of foundation. The view that can be seen while travelling along this imaginary vertical plane when looking towards left is drawn to the same scale as that adopted for the plan.

Elevation Elevation or front view is the outward view of a completed building along any side of the building. When a building is seen by standing in front of it, the view that can be viewed is known as front elevation. Similarly backside view is called rear elevation or from any side of it which is known as side elevation.

Components of a Building Sub-structure Also called foundation, consists of the footing below the ground level Super-structure Consists of all parts of a building above the ground level Walls, roofs, floors, columns, building finishes, lifts/stairs, electrical fittings, doors, windows etc

Foundation The component of a building below the ground level that distributes the structural load over a large area is called the Foundation. The depth of the foundation is the vertical height below ground level up to the bottom of the concrete bed. The depth of the foundation depends upon: Bearing capacity Shrinkage and swelling properties of soil Depth of water-table Depth of frost penetration As per NBC depth of foundation shall not be less than 500mm. Note: Plinth is the portion of the structure between the surrounding ground level and the surface of the floor level immediately above the ground. The level of the plinth is usually called as plinth level and the built up area at the floor level is known as plinth area. The plinth height in any case shall not be less than 450mm.

Note 1 The basic function of a foundation is to transmit the dead loads, live loads and other loads to the subsoil on which it rests in such a way that: (a) settlements are within permissible limits, without causing cracks in the super-structure and (b) soil does not fail in shear Since it remains below the ground level, the signs of failure are not noticeable until it has already affected the building. It should therefore be designed very carefully.

Note 2 Plinth is the portion of the structure between the surrounding ground level and the surface of the floor level immediately above the ground. The level of the plinth is usually called as “plinth level” and the built up area at the floor level is known as “plinth area”. The plinth height in any case shall not be less than 450mm.

Types of Foundation Shallow foundations Deep foundations Spread Footing Wall footing Reinforced Concrete footing Inverted Arch footing Column footing Grillage Foundation Eccentrically Loaded footings Combined footings Mat or Raft foundation Deep foundations Pile Cofferdams Caisson

Isolated Footing

Isolated RCC footing

RCC Column Footing

Comparison: Stepped Footing and Simple Footing for a column

RCC Column footings:

At site: for representation purpose only

At site:

Draw the stepped footing for a brick wall of 400 mm thickness Draw the stepped footing for a brick wall of 400 mm thickness. The specifications of the footing will be given. Draw the isolated column footing which has reinforcement.