1. PRINCIPLE PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS
Building materials have an important role to play in this modern age of technology.
There are certain general factors which affect the choice of materials for a particular scheme. Perhaps the most important of these is the climatic background.
Another factor is the economic aspect of the choice of materials.
The rapid advance of constructional methods, the increasing introduction of mechanical tools and plants, and changes in the organisation of the building industry may appreciably influence the choice of materials.

2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Material Bulk density (kg/m3) Brick 1600–1800
Granite –2700
Sand –1650
Pine wood –600
Steel

6. M = mass of dry material (g)
V = volume of material including the pores (mm3)

9. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
The important mechanical properties considered for building materials are: strength,
compressive, tensile, bending, impact, hardness, plasticity, elasticity and abrasion resistance.

11. Introduction - Foundation
General: A building is a structure consisting of walls, floors and roofs. Purpose: residence, education, business, Manufacturing, storage, hospitalization, entertainment and worship etc. Factors for method of construction and Material: 1. Character of occupancy 2. Location of site 3. Climate 4. Local material 5. Funds available

12. Types of buildings:
Residential buildings
Educational buildings

13. 3. Institutional buildings
4. Assembly buildings

14. 5. Business buildings
6. Mercantile buildings

15. 7. Industrial
8. Storage
9. Hazardous

16. Components of building:
Broadly into 2 parts-
Sub structure
Super structure
Sub parts:
Foundations
Plinth
Walls
Columns
Floors
Doors, windows and ventilators
Stairs
Roof
Building finishes
Building services

17. Design Loads
The basic requirements of any structural component of a building is that it should be strong enough to carry or support all possible types of loads.
Dead loads
Live loads
Wind loads

18. Dead loads:
- A building shall comprise of the weight of all walls, partitions, floors and roofs and shall include the weight of all other permanent construction in the building - From unit weights of the some common material , as per IS:

19. Live loads
Super imposed loads, consists movable or variable loads, due to people occupancy, furniture, temporary stores, machinery etc.

20. Wind load on industrial building: Pe = Cs. Ca.Cg.q

21. 4. Snow Loads: s = m. so where , s = design snow load in Pa on plan area of roof m = shape coefficient for the type of roof under consideration s0 = ground snow load Pa Further details IS: Earthquake Loads: - vibration at ground - X & Y directions in horizontal plane (dangerous lateral loads) - z direction in vertical plane Total design lateral force or siesmic base shear (Vb) = Ah. W w = seismic weight of building, Ah = horizontal acceleration spectrum coefficient =

22. Function of Foundation:
Basic function of a foundation is to transmit the dead loads, superimposed loads or live loads and wind loads
Since it is at below the G.L signs of failure of foundation are not noticeable.
Foundation should be sufficiently strong to prevent excessive settlement as well as unequal settlement

23. Functions of Foundations…..
Reduction of load intensity
2. Even distribution of load
3. Provision of level surface
4. Lateral stability
5. Safety against the undermining
6. Protection against soil movements

24. Essential requirements of good foundation
It shall be sustain the D.L, L.L and to transmit them to subsoil, the pressure on it should not cause settlement.
It should be rigid so that settlements are minimized
3. Foundation should be taken sufficiently deep to guard the building against the damage or distress caused by swelling or shrinkage of the sub-soil

25. Types of Foundations
Foundations may be broadly classified into 2
Shallow foundations
If depth of foundation equal to or less than its width
Deep foundations:
If depth of foundation equal to or greater than its width

26. Shallow Foundations: Loads will transfer at shallow depths
Spread footings
Combined footings
Strap Foundation
Mat Foundation
a. Spread footings: spreading the
super imposed load of wall or
column over a larger area

27. b. Combined footings: A spread footing support the two or more column is termed as combined footing. i. Rectangular ii. Trepezoidal iii.Combined column-wall

29. c. Strap footings: If the independent footings of two columns are connected by a beam called strap footings.

30. d. Mat Foundation:
A raft or mat is a combined footing that covers the entire area beneath a structure and supports all the walls and columns.

31. Deep foundation:
Transfer the loads at deeper depths
Different types:
Deep strip, rectangular or square footing
Pile foundation
Pier foundation
Well foundation or caissons

32. Pile foundation:
Main function: 1. Transmit the load at deeper depths, when firm bearing capacity not available at shallow depths 2. When we heavy loads coming from the super structure 3. When ground soil is having expansive nature

33. Pile foundation…
Piles used in building 4 types:-
End bearing piles
Friction piles
Combined end bearing and friction piles
Compaction piles

34. Pier foundation:
It is larger diameter to support larger Super imposed loads to the firm Strata. Example: Bridge foundation Well foundation: its like box type structures – circular or rectangular shape, much higher diameter than pier foundation