1. Architectural Drafting
ACD 521S
2017 Lecture 06

2. THE SECTION & ELEVATION
A Section drawing is a vertical-cut through a space or object with one half removed so we can look inside. For buildings, this can be useful as it gives a view through the spaces and surrounding structures that can reveal the relationships between the different parts of the buildings that might not be apparent on plan drawing
Typical Section drawings can be drawn of an entire building, individual interior space or object such as a built-in cupboard.
Section drawings for spaces may indicate similar items as elevation drawings, but they differ as sections are primarily intended to show the construction of the building elements- walls, floors, ceilings etc. Sections aim to show relationships of how different parts are constructed together in a space.

5. THE SECTION & ELEVATION
The direction of the plane through which the section is cut is often represented on plan drawings and elevations by a line of long and short dashes, called a section plane. If there are a number of sections, the line may have letters at each end indicating the name of the section drawing and an arrow showing the direction that the view takes.
The section line can take an indirect route through a building if this helps show the most important features or junctions in the building, as illustrated on the drawing below. In this case, the section drawing would be named 'Section B-B'.

6. THE SECTION & ELEVATION
Shading, cross hatching or other fill styles and / or thicker lines can be used to indicate parts of the structure that have been cut through, such as walls, roofs and floors.
The scale of a section drawing will depend on the size of the building being drawn and the level of detail that needs to be shown. Sections may show the entire building, or may focus on a particular component, junction or assembly. In this case they can be similar to assembly drawings but differ in that they don’t usually include details of the actually assembly process.
Different types of cross hatching can be used to differentiate between different types of component on detailed sectional drawings. Standards exist for hatching that should be used on some common materials, for example, double diagonal lines indicate brickwork, a wave indicates insulation and so on

7. THE SECTION & ELEVATION
Perspective sections include 3D projection of the spaces beyond the section plane and can be used to give a graphical illustration of the relationship between spaces and building components as well as their depths that can be very helpful in trying to interpret a complex design.
Increasingly, section drawings can be generated automatically by 3D modelling software, including perspective sections where required.

8. SECTION CHECKLIST –to be used as a guide line where applicable
Border and Title Block
Title, scale drawing number of drawing in the title block
Drawing Number in the title block
For a building section show construction details of floors, wall and ceiling/roof and all construction details.
For a section of interior space, it may be similar to a combination of a building section and an internal elevation, focus on the interior aspects such as joinery, ceilings, wall panelling etc.
Show all items drawn on the floor plan including furniture, joinery, appliances equipment etc.
Show all annotations
Cross reference symbols
Label room names, major elements, appliances, equipment etc.
Show correct symbolic representation for each material- hatches and line-weights
Dimension all vertical dimensions
Dimension important levels, top of concrete, finish floor level, ceiling level etc.
Dimension heights of vertical elements such as doors ,windows and openings
Dimension all built-in elements
Drawing title and scale under the view.

9. THE SECTION & ELEVATION
The Elevation
Orthographic projection is a technique for drawing a three dimensional object in two dimensions, by ‘projecting’ its surfaces into a two dimensional representation, where the projection lines are orthogonal to (perpendicular to) the projection plane (that is, there is no foreshortening or perspective).
In the construction industry, the term ‘elevation’ refers to an orthographic projection of the exterior (or sometimes the interior) faces of a building, that is a two-dimensional drawing of the building’s façades. As buildings are rarely simple rectangular shapes in plan, an elevation drawing is a first angle projection that shows all parts of the building as seen from a particular direction with the perspective flattened. Generally, elevations are produced for four directional views, for example, north, south, east, west.

12. THE SECTION & ELEVATION
The Elevation
Plans, sections, and elevation drawings are conceptual and not available through experience. Our eyes operate with a perspectival bias and that makes it difficult to view an object in elevation. Elevations are a projection on a plane in front of the object with no distortion because of perspective. Each line and surface that is parallel to the plane of projection is a true dimension. In architecture we typically use elevation to describe the exterior of the building, its facade, as well as to depict the interior walls of a room, interior elevations.
Elevation drawings tend to flatten an object that has three dimensional protrusions because it is a projection onto a parallel surface placed in front of the object. Consequently to see the projections of a bay window or a porch will require more than one elevation to fully describe the object

13. THE SECTION & ELEVATION
The Elevation
The elevation is a drawing of the vertical surface or plane seen perpendicular to the viewers plane.
Separate elevation drawings are required for all different walls since elevations drawn perpendicular to one side of a building will distort inclined walls of the other side, when the floor plan has an irregular shape.
If an entire building elevation is required for an irregularly shaped building or object, a distorted elevation will be necessary.

15. THE SECTION & ELEVATION
The Elevation
Typical elevations show doors, windows, openings, objects, material information and vertical dimensions.
Decorative elements may be added to elevation drawings to indicate important design features or to deliver the character of the building.
Adding people, planting and objects can be an effective way to make the space more realistic and to give a sense of scale to the drawing

16. INTERIOR & EXTERIOR ELEVATION CHECKLIST –to be used as a guide line where applicable
Border and Title Block
Title, scale drawing number of drawing in the title block
Drawing Number in the title block
All doors, windows with proper elevation symbols
All vertical components shown in plan view- appliances, equipment artwork
Door, window, cupboard opening swings
Annotations
Cross referencing symbols, section lines, detail callouts, window and door tags
Label room names , major elements and appliances and equipment
Show correct symbolic material representation
Dimensions
All vertical dimensions, heights of doors, windows ceilings, joinery etc.
Title and scale of the elevation
EXTERIOR ( as above, also include)
Label important levels: floor levels, n.g.l, top of roof etc.
Hatch materials, line-weights