More notes on verbs: helping verbs Forms of be: Forms of have: is am are was were be been being have has had having

More notes on verbs: helping verbs Forms of do: modals: Do Does Did can could may might must ought shall should will would

And a few other things… Words that look like verbs and end in –ing MUST HAVE a helping verb, or they are not acting as a verb. Examples: He was traveling across the country on his bicycle. (verb) Traveling across the country on a bicycle took several months. (noun) Sometimes helping verbs are separated from the main verb: Example: Have you not already asked that question twice?

Infinitives: not verbs Infinitives are verb forms constructed by the word “to” followed by a stem form of a verb (or an “action word”): to go to remember to act to pretend to give to consider These are not verbs. They serve other grammatical functions. Do not confuse infinitives with prepositional phrases. “To” followed by a NOUN (“We went to school yesterday.”) or an ADJECTIVE (“We went to our old school yesterday.”) is a preposition . . . which we will talk about later.

I love books and I love movies. I love (books + movies)  a(b + c) ab + ac + ad = a(b + c + d) The distributive property applies to English as well. Sometimes a word or phrase might apply to several items, but is only mentioned the first time. For example: I love books and I love movies. We can factor out the “I love” from the sentence above, and we are left with I love (books + movies)  a(b + c)

More ab + ac + ad = a(b + c + d) More examples: We asked to meet our friends and to go to the movies. Factor out the “to”: We asked to meet our friends and go to the movies. The second “to” is not needed; based on the construction of the sentence it is understood to be in front of the word “go.”

More ab + ac + ad = a(b + c + d) More examples: He should have done the homework and should have given the proper response. Factor out the “should have”: He should have done the homework and given the proper response.