KINGDOM ANIMALIA Chapter 26

Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

ANIMAL It’s time to DRAW! Draw the first thing that comes to mind when you hear the word ANIMAL

What makes an animal? Heterotroph Multicellular Eukaryotic Do not make their own food Multicellular Eukaryotic Contains a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles No cell wall Animals are multicellular eukaryotic heterotroph whose cells lack cell walls.

Vertebrates and Invertebrates Now, separate all the drawings into two general groups. How would you do that? Vertebrates and Invertebrates

Vertebrate Invertebrate Animals with a backbone/vertebral column Ie humans Animals without a backbone/vertebral column (97%) Ie. Worms

Animal Phyla Biologists recognize about 36 separate phyla within the Kingdom Animalia. In this unit, we are ONLY looking at 8 phyla.

Major Animal Phyla

Animal Species Somewhere around 9 or 10 million species of animals inhabit the earth. About 800,000 species have been identified.

7 Essential Life Function for Animals Feeding (Heterotrophs) Respiration (gas exchange) Internal transport (ie circulatory system) Excretion Reproduction (asexual - budding, sexual) Response Movement (motile, sessile)

Feeding Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Parasites Filter feeders Detritus feeders

Respiration (breathe) Gas exchange: O2 and CO2 Diffusion through skin (small aquatic animals) Inefficient Respiratory system Many different forms Different in different animals

Internal Transport Small aquatic animals can function without one Used to carry oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to and from body cells Circulatory system made up of a heart, blood vessels and blood Simple or complex

Excretion Removes chemical wastes from cellular metabolism Ammonia: harmful for the body Methods Diffusion (small aquatic animals) Excretory system: solid wastes Excretory system: liquid wastes Larger animals

Reproduction Direct development: Indirect development: Offspring look like mini-adults Ex. dogs, humans Indirect development: embryo hatches into larvae and go through metamorphosis to change Ex. Tadpole  frog

Responses Trigger by a stimulus (light, temp, sound, etc) Animals must be aware of their surroundings: Find food Spot predators Recognize others of their own kind Use specialized cells: Nerve cells Brain Sense organs: gather information (eyes, ears) Nervous system – highly complex /advance

Movement Sessile – animals that don’t move around Motile – animals that move around Use specialized cells that form tissues called In advanced animals, muscles move with a solid support Exoskeletons: skeletons outside of body Endoskeletons: skeletons inside of body MUSCLES SKELETON

Division of Labour Cell Specialization Multicellular organisms have different cells that perform specific functions to keep the organisms alive. This is also known as Talked about it in algae (algae notes part 2) Specialized means more different cells that have different functions and work together to keep the algae alive Division of Labour ***Unicellular organisms do not have division of labour. They perform all life functions with only their single cell.

Division of Labour Unicellular organisms Advantages: Restricted by size Less efficient Advantages: More efficient Specific cells that: feed, respire, eliminate waste

Invertebrates Phylum Porifera Ex. Sponges

Invertebrates Phylum Cnidaria Ex. Sea anemone

Invertebrates Worm Phyla (3) 1) Platyhelminthes: Flatworms Ex. Tapeworms 2) Nematoda: Roundworms Ex. Hookworms 3) Annelida: Segmented worms Ex. Earthworms

Invertebrates Phylum Mollusca Ex. Snails, Clams, Octopus, Squid

Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ex sea stars, sea urchins

Stop here

4 Evolutionary Trends analyze the basic body plans of animals to find the evolutionary trends. Four major “advances” (in order): 1. Multi-cellular body plan Division of labor: groups of specialized cells with different functions Cells  tissue  organs 2. Radial vs Bilateral symmetrical body plan 3. Cephalization (a head) 4. “Tube-within-a-tube” body plan (not in book)

Symmetry Asymmetry: No symmetry at all

Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry

Radial Symmetry forms that can be divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through it. Don’t have a real head Sessile Might drift in random pattern

Bilateral Symmetry forms that can be divided into similar halves by one plane well-suited for directional movement. Specialized anterior, posterior, dorsal, and ventral side

Trend of Animal Symmetry Bilateral symmetrical Asymmetrical Radial symmetrical Trend

Cephalization “head” the process by which sensory organs became localized in the anterior (head) end of animals Bilateral Symmetry move with anterior end facing forward Natural selection favours animal that can sense its environment

Blue Spotted Sting Ray Sense organs and nerve cells gathering at the anterior end of the animal.

3 Major Bilateral Body Plans Coelom = cavity Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates Each plan consists of 3 cell layers: Endoderm: lines the gastrovascular cavity Mesoderm: found bw endo/ectoderm Ectoderm: covers outer surface of body

Trend in Body Plan Pseudocoelomates Acoelomates Coelomates Trend

Acoelomates These animals have no other cavity than the gut. They are often called the “solid worms.”

Pseudocoelomates Animals with a body cavity which is not completely lined with mesoderm. The “tube within a tube” body plan. composed of mostly worms.

Coelomates These animals have a “true coelom” lined with mesodermal peritoneum Most animals are coelomate

Pseudocoelomates Acoelomates Coelomates Trend